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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cybersecurity Analysis Foundations | - Cybersecurity terminology and principles - Security concepts in business analysis context |
| Topic 2: Cyber Risk and Controls | - Security controls and mitigation strategies - Risk identification and assessment basics |
| Topic 3: Business Analysis in Cybersecurity | - Translating security needs into requirements - Stakeholder and requirements analysis for security initiatives |
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NEW QUESTION # 19
NIST 800-30 defines cyber risk as a function of the likelihood of a given threat-source exercising a potential vulnerability, and:
Answer: D
Explanation:
NIST SP 800-30 describes risk using a classic risk model: risk is a function of likelihood and impact. In this model, a threat-source may exploit a vulnerability, producing a threat event that results in adverse consequences. The likelihood component reflects how probable it is that a threat event will occur and successfully cause harm, considering factors such as threat capability and intent (or in non-adversarial cases, the frequency of hazards), the existence and severity of vulnerabilities, exposure, and the strength of current safeguards. However, likelihood alone does not define risk; a highly likely event that causes minimal harm may be less important than a less likely event that causes severe harm.
The second required component is the impact-the magnitude of harm to the organization if the adverse event occurs. Impact is commonly evaluated across mission and business outcomes, including financial loss, operational disruption, legal or regulatory consequences, reputational damage, and loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability. This is why option D is correct: NIST's definition explicitly ties the risk expression to the resulting impact on the organization.
The other options may influence likelihood assessment or control selection, but they are not the missing definitional element. Detection probability and control assurance relate to monitoring and governance; predisposing conditions can shape likelihood. None replace the
NEW QUESTION # 20
Where business process diagrams can be used to identify vulnerabilities within solution processes, what tool can be used to identify vulnerabilities within solution technology?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Business process diagrams help analysts spot weaknesses in workflows, approvals, handoffs, and segregation of duties, but they do not directly test the technical security of the underlying applications, infrastructure, or configurations. To identify vulnerabilities within solution technology, cybersecurity practice uses penetration testing, which is a controlled, authorized simulation of real-world attacks against systems. A penetration test examines how a solution behaves under adversarial conditions and validates whether security controls actually prevent exploitation, not just whether they are designed on paper.
Penetration testing typically includes reconnaissance, enumeration, and attempts to exploit weaknesses in areas such as authentication, session management, access control, input handling, APIs, encryption usage, misconfigurations, and exposed services. Results provide evidence-based findings, including exploit paths, impact, affected components, and recommended remediations. This makes penetration testing especially valuable before go-live, after major changes, and periodically for high-risk systems to confirm the security posture remains acceptable.
The other options do not fit the objective. A security patch is a remediation action taken after vulnerabilities are known, not a method for discovering them. A smoke test is a basic functional check to confirm the system builds and runs; it is not a security assessment. Vulnerability-as-a-Service is a delivery model that may include scanning or testing, but the recognized tool or technique for identifying vulnerabilities in the technology itself in this context is a penetration test, which directly evaluates exploitability and real security impact.
NEW QUESTION # 21
Separation of duties, as a security principle, is intended to:
Answer: B
Explanation:
Separation of duties is a foundational access-control and governance principle designed to reduce the likelihood of misuse, fraud, and significant mistakes by ensuring that no single individual can complete a critical process end-to-end without independent oversight. Cybersecurity and audit frameworks describe this as splitting high-risk activities into distinct roles so that one person's actions are checked or complemented by another person's authority. This limits both intentional abuse, such as unauthorized payments or data manipulation, and unintentional errors, such as misconfigurations or accidental deletion of important records.
In practice, separation of duties is implemented by defining roles and permissions so that incompatible functions are not assigned to the same account. Common examples include separating the ability to create a vendor from the ability to approve payments, separating software development from production deployment, and separating system administration from security monitoring or audit log management. This is reinforced through role-based access control, approval workflows, privileged access management, and periodic access reviews that detect conflicting entitlements and privilege creep.
The value of separation of duties is risk reduction through accountability and control. When actions require multiple parties or independent review, it becomes harder for a single compromised account or malicious insider to cause large harm without detection. It also improves reliability by introducing checkpoints that catch mistakes earlier. Therefore, the correct purpose is to prevent fraud and error.
NEW QUESTION # 22
Which of the following activities are part of the business analyst's role in ensuring compliance with security policies?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Business analysts support cybersecurity compliance primarily by ensuring that security and privacy expectations are translated into clear, testable requirements that are built into the solution. This includes eliciting applicable organizational security policies, standards, and control objectives, then mapping them into functional and non-functional requirements such as authentication methods, role-based access, logging and audit trail needs, encryption requirements, session controls, data retention, and segregation of duties. When security policies are reflected in the solution requirements, they become part of the delivery lifecycle: they can be designed, implemented, validated in testing, and verified during acceptance. This creates traceability from policy to requirement to control implementation, which is essential for audits and for demonstrating due diligence.
Option A is typically the responsibility of governance, risk, and compliance functions or internal audit, not the BA. Option C is usually performed by security testing specialists, QA teams, or application security engineers using techniques like SAST, DAST, and penetration testing. Option D is largely an operational management and compliance enforcement function, supported by training, monitoring, and disciplinary processes. The BA's distinct contribution is ensuring policy-driven security controls are captured in requirements and embedded into the solution design and delivery artifacts.
NEW QUESTION # 23
What is defined as an internal computerized table of access rules regarding the levels of computer access permitted to login IDs and computer terminals?
Answer: C
Explanation:
An Access Control List (ACL) is a structured, system-maintained list of authorization rules that specifies who or what is allowed to access a resource and what actions are permitted. In many operating systems, network devices, and applications, an ACL functions as an internal table that maps identities such as user IDs, group IDs, service accounts, or even device/terminal identifiers to permissions like read, write, execute, modify, delete, or administer. When a subject attempts to access an object, the system consults the ACL to determine whether the requested operation should be allowed or denied, enforcing the organization's security policy at runtime.
The description in the question matches the classic definition of an ACL as a computerized table of access rules tied to login IDs and sometimes the originating endpoint or terminal context. ACLs are central to implementing discretionary access control and are also widely used in networking (for example, permitting or denying traffic flows based on source/destination and ports) and file systems (controlling access to folders and files).
An Access Control Entry (ACE) is only a single line item within an ACL (one rule for one subject). A "Relational Access Database" is not a standard security control term for authorization tables. A "Directory Management System" manages identities and groups, but it is not the same as the enforcement list attached to a specific resource. Therefore, the correct answer is Access Control List.
NEW QUESTION # 24
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