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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Physician Roles (CanMEDS Framework) | - Health Advocate
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>> MCCQE Reliable Test Question <<
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NEW QUESTION # 122
A 58-year-old woman presents to your office with heavy vaginal bleeding. She has a history of type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Some active bleeding is visible on speculum examination. Ultrasound reveals an endometrial thickness of 12 mm. Endometrial biopsy shows complex hyperplasia with atypia. Which one of the following is the best next step?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:
Complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia carries a high risk of progression to or concurrent endometrial carcinoma. Definitive management in postmenopausal women is total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo- oophorectomy.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Gynecology, Abnormal Uterine Bleeding:
"Endometrial hyperplasia with atypia in postmenopausal women is best managed surgically due to the risk of malignancy." MCCQE1 Objectives - Gynecology > Postmenopausal Bleeding:
"Candidates should identify endometrial hyperplasia with atypia as an indication for hysterectomy in appropriate patients." Ablation (A) is contraindicated. Progesterone (B) is used for non-atypical hyperplasia. D&C (C) and hysteroscopy (D) are diagnostic but not definitive.
NEW QUESTION # 123
A 70-year-old hypertensive woman with a history of congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to left ventricular dysfunction presents to your office with a persistent dry hacking cough. She claims it began when she was started on ramipril. Which one of the following medications would be most appropriate to replace ramipril, to ensure that the risk of morbidity associated with CHF remains low?
Answer: D
Explanation:
ACE inhibitors such as ramipril are first-line for CHF with reduced ejection fraction, but a common adverse effect is a dry cough due to bradykinin accumulation. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) offer the same hemodynamic and survival benefits without causing cough.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Cardiology, "Heart Failure" Section:
"In patients intolerant to ACE inhibitors due to cough, an ARB (e.g., losartan, valsartan) is the recommended substitute. ARBs also reduce mortality and hospitalizations in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction." MCCQE1 Objectives (Internal Medicine > 76-3: Congestive Heart Failure):
"Candidates should recognize ARBs as an alternative to ACE inhibitors in patients who develop adverse effects such as cough, while maintaining the mortality benefit." Other options (B-E) do not offer mortality benefits in CHF and may worsen the condition (e.g., CCBs, alpha- blockers, NSAIDs like COX-2 inhibitors).
NEW QUESTION # 124
A 42-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a 24-hour history of severe pain in her right eye. On examination, you notice a right conjunctival injection that is worst adjacent to the iris. Direct and consensual responses to light are intact but sluggish, with severe photophobia in the right pupil is slightly smaller than the left. The patient's visual acuity is 20/20 on the left and 20/40 on the right. Visual field testing results are normal. Intraocular pressure findings are normal. Slit-lamp examination findings of the cornea are normal, and there are no cells in the anterior chamber. You are unable to visualize her fundus. Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The most likely diagnosis is acute anterior uveitis (iritis). The key MCCQE clinical pattern is painful red eye with ciliary flush (injection worst adjacent to the iris/limbus) and marked photophobia, especially consensual photophobia, which strongly points to inflammation of the iris and ciliary body. The sluggish light response and miosis (smaller pupil) are also typical of iritis due to sphincter spasm and inflammation. Intraocular pressure is normal, helping to rule out acute angle-closure glaucoma, which usually presents with elevated IOP, corneal haze, and a mid-dilated fixed pupil. Optic neuritis classically causes decreased color vision and pain with eye movement rather than ciliary flush. Viral conjunctivitis causes diffuse conjunctival injection and irritation/grittiness, not severe pain with consensual photophobia. Scleritis causes deep "boring" pain and violaceous scleral hue, not miosis/consensual photophobia as dominant features. Difficulty visualizing the fundus can occur with significant miosis.
NEW QUESTION # 125
A 32-year-old woman presents to your outpatient clinic with concerns regarding a 6-month history of both a pulsatile buzzing sound in her ears and headaches. There is no history of hearing loss, vertigo, ear pain, or discharge from the ears. There is a long-standing history of prolonged exposure to occupational noise. She has a BMI of 32. Otoscopic examination is unremarkable, and there are no neck masses present. You determine that the buzzing sound is synchronous with her radial pulse. Which of the following investigations should be ordered next?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:
Pulsatile tinnitus synchronous with the pulse may be vascular in origin. The association with headaches and elevated BMI (a risk factor for idiopathic intracranial hypertension, IIH) warrants neuroimaging to assess for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, vascular malformations, or raised intracranial pressure.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Neurology / ENT:
"Pulsatile tinnitus requires investigation for vascular causes including idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
MRI or MRV is the next step."
MCCQE1 Objectives (Neurology > 35-1: Headache and Tinnitus):
"Candidates must investigate pulsatile tinnitus with neuroimaging when vascular causes are suspected." Audiogram (A) is for hearing loss. EEG (C) is not useful for tinnitus. CRP (D) is irrelevant.
NEW QUESTION # 126
A 60-year-old postmenopausal woman presents with 2 culture-proven uncomplicated urinary tract infections in the last 5 months. She finds them quite distressing and would like to prevent recurrence. Which one of the following is the best next step?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Postmenopausal women are at increased risk of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to estrogen deficiency , which leads to thinning of the vaginal epithelium, decreased glycogen, and loss of protective lactobacilli. This results in increased vaginal pH and colonization with uropathogens. MCCQE objectives emphasize addressing reversible risk factors in recurrent uncomplicated UTIs before considering long-term antibiotic prophylaxis.
Topical vaginal estrogen restores the normal vaginal flora and epithelial integrity, significantly reducing recurrence rates in postmenopausal women. It is considered first-line preventive therapy in this population unless contraindicated.
Reassurance alone is inappropriate given recurrent infections. Pelvic physiotherapy does not prevent UTIs.
Cystoscopy is not indicated in uncomplicated recurrent UTIs without hematuria, atypical organisms, or other concerning features. Evidence for probiotics remains insufficient to recommend as primary prevention.
Thus, local estrogen therapy is the most appropriate and evidence-based next step for preventing recurrent UTIs in postmenopausal women.
NEW QUESTION # 127
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