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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Computer Forensics Investigation Process | 15% | - Pre-investigation phase - Post-investigation and reporting - Chain of custody and evidence handling - Investigation phase |
| Topic 2: Operating System Forensics | 10% | - Windows forensics - System artifacts and logs - Linux forensics - Mac OS forensics |
| Topic 3: File Systems and Storage Media Analysis | 15% | - Metadata analysis - Disk structures and partitions - Recovering deleted and hidden data - FAT, NTFS, EXT file systems |
| Topic 4: Network and Web Forensics | 10% | - Investigating web attacks - Email and messaging forensics - Network logs and traffic analysis - Web server and application logs |
| Topic 5: Dark Web and Anti-Forensics | 10% | - Detecting and countering anti-forensics - Tor browser and artifact analysis - Anti-forensics techniques - Dark web concepts and tools |
| Topic 6: Malware and Incident Response Forensics | 10% | - Static and dynamic malware analysis - Forensics in incident response - Reporting and documentation - Malware artifacts and indicators |
| Topic 7: Computer Forensics Fundamentals | 15% | - Types of digital evidence - Forensic readiness planning - Roles and responsibilities of forensic investigators - Legal and ethical frameworks - Concepts and principles of digital forensics |
| Topic 8: Digital Evidence Acquisition and Preservation | 15% | - Storage and transport of evidence - Data acquisition methods and tools - Evidence integrity and hashing - Forensic imaging and verification |
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NEW QUESTION # 57
Which of the following data acquisition formats supports the Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain (LZMA) algorithm for compression?
Answer: A
Explanation:
In digital forensics, acquisition formats differ mainly in how they store evidence data, metadata, and whether they support features like compression, segmentation, and integrity verification. ARaw formatis a sector-by- sector bitstream image (often called "dd" style) and typically doesnotdefine built-in compression or structured metadata; any compression would be external to the format. "Proprietary format" is not a single defined standard-some proprietary images may compress data, but the option is too generic and not tied to a specific, documented compression method.
The format known in forensic documentation for explicitly supporting modern compression such asLZMAisAFF4 (Advanced Forensic Format 4), which is designed as a next-generation container supporting rich metadata, hashing, chunked storage, and pluggable compression options. AFF4's architecture stores evidence in compressed chunks/streams and commonly associates LZMA with efficient, high-ratio compression while preserving forensic requirements such as repeatable verification through cryptographic hashes.
The option "Advanced ForensicFramework 4" corresponds toAFF4in many exam question banks and training materials. Therefore, the correct choice isC, because AFF4 is the acquisition format recognized for supportingLZMA compressionas part of its standardized capabilities.
NEW QUESTION # 58
Below are the various steps involved in an email crime investigation.
1.Acquiring the email data
2.Analyzing email headers
3.Examining email messages
4.Recovering deleted email messages
5.Seizing the computer and email accounts
6.Retrieving email headers
What is the correct sequence of steps involved in the investigation of an email crime?
Answer: D
Explanation:
In an email crime investigation, the workflow should begin withseizing the computer and email accounts (5)to preserve evidence and prevent alteration, deletion, or continued misuse. This includes securing endpoints and ensuring account access is maintained under proper authority. Next, investigators proceed withacquiring the email data (1)using forensic methods (logical export, mailbox acquisition, or forensic imaging of local mail stores) to maintain integrity and chain of custody.
Once the data is preserved, investigatorsexamine email messages (3)to identify relevant communications, context, attachments, and indicators of fraud, harassment, data leakage, or impersonation. After identifying emails of interest, investigatorsretrieve email headers (6)(full headers, not just what the mail client displays) because headers contain routing metadata required for attribution and timeline reconstruction. They thenanalyze email headers (2)to interpret fields such as Received lines, Message-ID, originating IP clues (where applicable), sending infrastructure, and authentication results, which helps determine spoofing, relay paths, and sender legitimacy. Finally, theyrecover deleted email messages (4)from mail stores, server-side retention, or unallocated space to restore missing evidence. This sequence matches optionA.
NEW QUESTION # 59
Steve, a professional hacker, attempted to hack Alice's banking account. To accomplish his goal, Steve used an automated tool to guess Alice's login credentials. The tool uses a trial-and-error method by attempting all possible combinations of usernames and passwords to determine the valid credentials.
Identify the type of attack initiated by Steve in the above scenario.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The scenario describes an automated, trial-and-error attempt that triesall possible combinations of usernames and passwordsuntil a correct credential pair is found. This is the defining characteristic of abrute-force attack.
In digital forensics terminology, brute force is a direct password-guessing method that relies on exhaustive attempts (or systematically generated candidates) rather than tricking the user or exploiting a software flaw.
Investigators commonly recognize brute-force activity through artifacts such as repeated authentication failures in security logs, high-frequency login attempts from a single IP or distributed sources, account lockout events, and abnormal spikes in authentication traffic. In banking and web environments, it may also appear as repeated POST requests to login endpoints with varying credential pairs and consistent user-agent patterns, sometimes accompanied by throttling or CAPTCHA triggers.
The other options do not match the described "attempting all possible combinations" behavior.
Phishingobtains credentials by deception (fake emails/sites). ATrojan horsesteals data by running malicious code on the victim's system.Data manipulationfocuses on altering data integrity rather than credential guessing. Therefore, the correct attack type isBrute-force attack (A).
NEW QUESTION # 60
Which of the following file systems is developed by Apple to support Mac OS in its proprietary Macintosh system and replace the Macintosh File System (MFS)?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Apple's original Macintosh computers initially usedMFS (Macintosh File System), which had important limitations, including a relatively flat directory model and constraints that became problematic as storage sizes and file organization needs grew. To address these limitations, Apple introducedHFS (Hierarchical File System)-explicitly designed to replace MFS and provide a truehierarchical directory structure(folders within folders), improved metadata handling, and better scalability for the Macintosh platform. From a digital forensics perspective, this historical transition matters because examiners may encounter legacy Macintosh media or disk images where understanding the file system family helps interpret catalog structures, allocation behavior, and metadata artifacts.
The other options do not fit the "replace MFS" requirement.NTFSis Microsoft's Windows file system.APFS (Apple File System)is Apple's modern file system introduced much later (primarily for SSDs, with features like snapshots and strong encryption support) and it replaced HFS+ in newer macOS versions-not MFS.
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)is a UNIX/Linux directory layout standard, not a Macintosh disk file system. Therefore, the Apple-developed file system that replaced MFS isHierarchical File System (HFS), which corresponds toOption D.
NEW QUESTION # 61
Which of the following techniques is defined as the art of hiding data "behind" other data without the target's knowledge, thereby hiding the existence of the message itself?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Steganographyis the technique of concealing a messagewithin another seemingly harmless carrier(such as an image, audio file, video, or document) so that theexistence of the hidden message is not apparentto an observer. Digital forensics references distinguish steganography from encryption: encryption scrambles content but usually leaves visible indicators that protected data exists (ciphertext), while steganography aims to make the communication look ordinary, reducing suspicion. In practice, steganographic methods often embed data into redundant or less perceptible parts of the carrier, such as modifying least significant bits in pixel values, altering frequency components in audio, or inserting data into metadata or unused file structures.
The other options do not match the definition.Password crackingis an access technique to recover authentication secrets, not a concealment method.Artifact wipingis an anti-forensics method intended to remove traces (logs, files, slack space remnants), but it does not "hide behind" other data-it destroys or overwrites evidence.Program packerscompress/obfuscate executables to hinder static analysis and detection, but they still produce an executable whose presence is evident; they do not primarily hide messages inside benign files. Therefore, the described "hiding the existence of the message itself" corresponds toSteganography (C).
NEW QUESTION # 62
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