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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Symmetric Encryption | - Block and stream ciphers - AES and legacy algorithms (e.g., DES conceptually) |
| Topic 2: Key Management and PKI | - Key exchange and lifecycle management - Certificates, certificate authorities, and PKI structure |
| Topic 3: Foundations of Cryptography | - Core concepts of confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Historical and modern cryptography principles |
| Topic 4: Asymmetric Encryption | - RSA and ECC fundamentals - Public key cryptography principles |
| Topic 5: Hash Functions and Message Authentication | - MAC and HMAC mechanisms - Cryptographic hash functions (e.g., SHA family concepts) |
| Topic 6: Cryptographic Protocols and Applications | - TLS/SSL conceptual overview - Secure communication design principles |
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NEW QUESTION # 21
(Which default port must be allowed by firewalls for the key exchange of the IPsec handshaking process to be successful?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
IPsec's initial key exchange is commonly performed using IKE (Internet Key Exchange), which negotiates Security Associations (SAs), authenticates peers, and establishes shared keys for ESP/AH protection. The traditional and default transport for IKEv1 and IKEv2 is UDP port 500. During negotiation, peers exchange proposals (crypto suites), perform Diffie-Hellman to derive key material, and authenticate using pre-shared keys, certificates, or EAP methods. If a firewall blocks UDP 500, the IKE negotiation cannot begin, preventing IPsec tunnels from forming. In many real deployments, NAT traversal is also used; in that case, traffic typically shifts to UDP 4500 (NAT-T) after detection of NAT, but UDP 500 is still required for the initial exchange and NAT detection in many configurations. TCP 500 is not standard for IKE. Port 443 is associated with HTTPS/TLS and some SSL VPNs, not IPsec IKE. Therefore, among the options provided, the firewall must allow UDP 500 for IPsec key exchange to succeed.
NEW QUESTION # 22
(Which cipher uses shifting letters of the alphabet for encryption?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
The Caesar cipher is the classic substitution cipher that encrypts by shifting letters of the alphabet by a fixed number of positions (e.g., shift by 3: A#D, B#E, etc.). It is a monoalphabetic cipher because a single shift value is applied uniformly across the entire message, making it simple and vulnerable to frequency analysis and brute force (only 25 meaningful shifts in the Latin alphabet). Vigenere also involves shifting, but it uses a repeating keyword to vary the shift per character (polyalphabetic), whereas the question's phrasing typically points to the fundamental "shift cipher," which is Caesar.
SHA-1 is a cryptographic hash function, not a cipher. Bifid is a fractionation cipher combining Polybius square coordinates and transposition, not a direct shifting method. Therefore, the cipher that uses shifting letters of the alphabet for encryption is the Caesar cipher.
NEW QUESTION # 23
(A security analyst is using 3DES for data encryption. Which 3DES key size is valid?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
3DES (Triple DES) applies the DES block cipher three times to increase effective security, and its commonly cited valid key sizes correspond to how many independent DES keys are used. Two-key
3DES uses two 56-bit DES keys (K1 and K2) in an EDE sequence (Encrypt with K1, Decrypt with K2, Encrypt with K1), yielding 112 bits of keying material (ignoring parity bits). Three-key 3DES uses three independent 56-bit keys for a total of 168 bits of keying material, but that option is not listed here.
A 56-bit key corresponds to single DES, not 3DES. 128-bit is associated with AES, not 3DES. 2,048-bit is typical for RSA keys, not symmetric ciphers. Therefore, among the choices provided, 112-bit is a valid 3DES key size. While 3DES is now deprecated for many uses due to its 64-bit block size and performance limitations, understanding its keying options remains important for legacy system assessment.
NEW QUESTION # 24
(Two people want to communicate through secure email. The person creating the email wants to ensure only their friend can decrypt the email. Which key should the person creating the email use to encrypt the message?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
To ensure confidentiality so that only the intended recipient can decrypt an email, the sender must encrypt in a way that only the recipient can reverse. In public key cryptography, that means encrypting with the recipient's public key. The recipient is the only party who should possess the matching private key, so only they can decrypt the ciphertext. This pattern is fundamental to PKI-based secure email systems such as S/MIME and OpenPGP: the sender looks up or is provided the recipient's certificate
/public key, encrypts the message (often by encrypting a randomly generated symmetric session key with the recipient's public key), and the recipient uses their private key to recover the session key and decrypt the content. Encrypting with the sender's private key would not provide confidentiality; it resembles signing because anyone with the sender's public key could "decrypt" it. Encrypting with a private key of the recipient is also incorrect because private keys are not shared and should never leave the recipient's control. Therefore, the correct key to encrypt the message so only the friend can decrypt it is the recipient's public key.
NEW QUESTION # 25
(Which authentication method allows a web service installed on a network operating system to prove its identity to a customer?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
One-way server authentication is the standard model used by most TLS-enabled web services to prove the server's identity to a client. In this model, the server presents an X.509 certificate during the TLS handshake.
The client validates the certificate chain to a trusted root CA, checks hostname binding (CN/SAN), validates validity dates, and may check revocation status. If validation succeeds, the client gains cryptographic assurance that it is communicating with the holder of the private key corresponding to the server certificate's public key, and that the certificate is issued to the expected domain/identity. This proves the server's identity to the customer without requiring the customer to present a certificate. Mutual authentication would require both client and server to authenticate each other using certificates (commonly in certain enterprise APIs), but the question asks specifically about the web service proving its identity to the customer, which is satisfied by server-only authentication. One-way client authentication is the opposite direction (client proves identity to server). "End-to-end authentication" is a broader concept and not the specific TLS identity proof mechanism described here. Thus, one-way server authentication is the correct choice.
NEW QUESTION # 26
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