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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Anesthesia | 13% | - Recovery and emergency management - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring |
| Topic 2: Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Sample collection, handling and processing - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology |
| Topic 3: Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Intraoperative and postoperative care |
| Topic 4: Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures |
| Topic 5: Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Image quality assessment and documentation - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique |
| Topic 6: Dentistry | 7% | - Dental anatomy, disease recognition - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Periodontal care and patient education |
| Topic 7: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Controlled substance management |
| Topic 8: Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Practice management, team collaboration - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Client education, communication techniques |
| Topic 9: Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Multimodal analgesia protocols - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control |
| Topic 10: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Physical examination, patient assessment - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Infection control, sanitation, isolation |
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NEW QUESTION # 1149
You are discharging two pets to the same owner. A three-year-old now-neutered Labrador, recently adopted, and a one-year-old now-spayed Maine Coon. The owner has questions about the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pain meds (NSAIDs) sent home, the purpose, and why the side effects may occur. The dog will be going home with an e-collar, gabapentin, and Rimadyl. The cat will be going home with three days of Onsior. At discharge, he received an injection for pain, buprenorphine, and is eating well and acting like himself post-operatively. In addition to discussing exercise restrictions, licking prevention, and incision monitoring, you go over the NSAIDs.
What most common side effects do you tell the owner to watch for in the dog, and what mediates these side effects?
Answer: C
Explanation:
NSAIDs remain a critical part of pain management for dogs and cats. Both acute and chronic pain can benefit from NSAID administration. However, patients must have normal kidney and liver function, and the medications benefit from being given with food. If a patient is not eating, they can become dehydrated. Thus, the drug should not be administered, or it can lead to dehydration and decreased renal blood flow.
NSAIDs work by blocking one or more key enzymes (cyclooxygenase 1 or 2) or as a receptor antagonist (Galiprant) in the pathway that creates prostaglandins. Prostaglandins have numerous benefits and purposes, including roles in:
*Renal blood flow regulation
*Inflammation (PGE): The type of prostaglandin in which NSAIDs exert their positive benefits by blocking inflammation
*Corpus luteum luteolysis (PGF2alpha)
*Gastric mucosal protection
*Blood clot formation
NSAIDs can help with decreasing inflammation, lowering fevers, and providing pain management. It is pivotal to inform owners that it is not just a NSAID but also a pain medication. For some reason, this component is often left out when educating clients.
When we administer an NSAID, we block the development of inflammation. We, in fact, block the formation of prostaglandins from forming. As a result, we can see positive effects (decreased pain and inflammation) and negative effects in dehydrated animals or animals with underlying diseases such as kidney disease.
Remember to tell owners to give medication as prescribed. Many do not appreciate signs of pain and stop the meds too quickly. However, pain delays healing, and thus, meds should be given for the duration prescribed unless unsavory side effects develop. Ensure the owner knows to contact the veterinarian as soon as any side effects occur and discontinue the medication.
GI upset (vomiting and/or diarrhea) paired with prostaglandin F2alpha is incorrect because, while the side effects are correct, the PGF2alpha works on the female reproductive tract, not the GI tract, and would not cause these effects.
Leuteolysis, prostaglandin F2alpha is incorrect because this refers to the effects of that specific prostaglandin on reproduction. It is the correct pairing of effect and prostaglandin but does not pertain to NSAIDs.
The option for increased renal blood flow with prostaglandins is incorrect because prostaglandins produced in the kidney (several types work in the kidneys) have protective effects. They work to increase blood flow to the kidneys when necessary. By blocking the production of these hormone-like substances, we actually decrease blow flow to the kidneys.
NEW QUESTION # 1150
Which of the following best describes urinary incontinence?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Urinary incontinence is the constant or intermittent uncontrolled leakage of urine. This is frequently seen in females after surgical sterilization and those with lower spinal cord disease. It can occur awake but is often most commonly seen when a patient is sleeping because the sphincter is the most relaxed.
Polyuria is the medical term for increased urine production. Oliguria is the medical term for decreased urine production. Stranguria is the medical term for painful urination, as evidenced by urinating in frequent, small amounts, and a patient may be seen straining to urinate.
NEW QUESTION # 1151
Which instrument is most appropriate for subgingival scaling?
Answer: D
Explanation:
A curette is best suited for subgingival scaling because it has a rounded tip that is atraumatic to gingiva when appropriately used. A curette can be used either supra or subgingivally.
Scalers are also used to remove calculus from teeth, but are limited to supragingival use since they have a sharp tip that could damage subgingival tissues. Decalcifiers and deplaquers are both types of solutions, not scaling instruments.
NEW QUESTION # 1152
Which of the following antiseptic and disinfectant compounds was routinely used in the past, but has been replaced by chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Phenols were used in the past for disinfecting, but due to their toxic effects are no longer used in veterinary hospitals. Phenols have been replaced by safer, more effective antiseptics and disinfectants such as chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine.
The remaining answer options are currently used to clean surfaces and instruments.
Alcohols are routinely used for their antiseptic and disinfectant properties. They are not used to clean open wounds due to tissue injury, and cannot kill spores or fungi.
Quaternary ammonium is nontoxic, but not as effective as some other agents against viruses.
Chlorine can kill bacteria and viruses, but can be dangerous when used on living tissue.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 1097.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 218-221.
NEW QUESTION # 1153
What is anisocoria?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Anisocoria is the term used to describe a difference in the size of the patient's pupils. Anisocoria may be an indication that the patient has an ocular or neurologic disease. Anisocoria can occur with one normal and one mydriatic (dilated) pupil, one normal and one miotic (constricted) pupil, or one mydriatic and one miotic pupil.
A malocclusion occurs when the jaw is not aligned properly. A flail chest occurs when a segment of the patient's rib cage moves in the opposite direction of the chest wall. Opisthotonos occurs when a patient's body is curled forward and stiffened.
NEW QUESTION # 1154
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