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NEW QUESTION # 172
An 18-year-old patient has difficulty breathing after being rescued from a lake. The vital signs are BP 142/74 mmHg, P 108/min, R 28/min and shallow, and SpO# 92% on room air. Despite administering oxygen, there is no improvement in the patient condition. What action should the EMT take next?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is D. Apply CPAP.
This patient is experiencing respiratory distress following a drowning/submersion event, which strongly suggests aspiration and possible pulmonary edema. The key findings include:
* Shallow respirations (R 28)
* Persistent hypoxia (SpO# 92%) despite oxygen therapy
* History of water exposure (lake rescue)
Why D is correct (CPAP):
* CPAP provides positive pressure, helping to recruit alveoli and improve gas exchange.
* It is especially effective in cases of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, such as near-drowning.
* Indicated when:
* Patient is awake and breathing
* Hypoxia persists despite oxygen therapy
Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. 12-lead ECG # Not relevant to respiratory failure from drowning
* B. Nitroglycerin # Used for cardiac chest pain/pulmonary edema of cardiac origin, not drowning
* C. Rapid transport # Important, but does not address immediate respiratory failure; airway intervention takes priority Exact Extracts:
* "CPAP is indicated for patients with respiratory distress who do not improve with oxygen therapy."
* "Positive pressure ventilation helps improve oxygenation in patients with pulmonary edema."
* "Near-drowning patients may develop respiratory distress due to fluid in the lungs." References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Airway, Respiration & Ventilation
National EMS Education Standards - Respiratory Emergencies
NREMT Candidate Handbook - Patient Management
NEW QUESTION # 173
Which of the following adverse conditions typically occurs during hemodialysis treatment?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer is D. Muscle cramps.
Hemodialysis is a process that removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood in patients with kidney failure. During this process, rapid shifts in fluid and electrolytes can lead to several complications.
One of the most common adverse effects during hemodialysis is muscle cramps, which are primarily caused by:
* Rapid fluid removal (hypovolemia)
* Electrolyte imbalances
* Changes in osmolarity
Why D is correct:
NREMT-based medical guidelines highlight that:
* "Patients undergoing dialysis commonly experience complications such as hypotension and muscle cramping."
* Muscle cramps are frequently reported during or immediately after dialysis due to fluid shifts.
Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Tinnitus: Not associated with dialysis treatment.
* B. Gallstones: A chronic condition unrelated to dialysis sessions.
* C. Hypertension: While kidney patients may have hypertension, dialysis more commonly causes hypotension, not hypertension, during treatment.
Exact Extracts:
* "Complications of dialysis include hypotension and muscle cramps."
* "Rapid fluid shifts during dialysis can result in painful muscle cramping."
* "Dialysis patients may experience electrolyte imbalances leading to neuromuscular symptoms." References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Medical Emergencies (Renal and Urologic Conditions) NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) - Medical Content Prehospital Emergency Care (EMT) - Renal Emergencies
NEW QUESTION # 174
When treating a patient suspected of having tuberculosis, you should
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Forsuspected or confirmed tuberculosis (TB), the EMT should place asurgical mask on the patient, not a HEPA respirator. Surgical masks are used tocontain droplets from the patientand reduce airborne transmission.
The EMTshould wear aN95 or HEPA respiratorto protect against inhaling airborne particles. Notification to the CDC is not the EMT's responsibility - that falls to public health officials.
References:
CDC Guidelines for TB Exposure in Prehospital Settings
NREMT Infectious Disease Control Protocols
National EMS Education Standards - Airborne Pathogens and PPE Use
NEW QUESTION # 175
A 6-year-old patient has difficulty breathing. Lung sounds reveal wheezing. The patient ' s skin is cool and clammy. The respiratory rate is 32/min, and SpO2 88% on room air. Which of the following actions should the EMT administer to this patient first, and why?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct answer is A because during the primary assessment , the priority is to correct hypoxia immediately . This patient has an SpO# of 88% , indicating significant hypoxemia , along with signs of respiratory distress (tachypnea, wheezing, cool clammy skin).
NREMT-aligned guidance emphasizes that oxygen administration is the first intervention in patients with inadequate oxygenation. High-flow oxygen via a non-rebreather mask (NRB) is appropriate for a patient who is still breathing spontaneously but is hypoxic.
While wheezing suggests bronchoconstriction and albuterol may be needed, oxygenation takes priority first in the treatment sequence.
NEW QUESTION # 176
Which of the following are signs or symptoms of a hypertensive emergency? Select the two answer options that are correct.
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
For this one, focus on what makes hypertension an emergency rather than just a high blood pressure reading:
evidence of acute end-organ involvement . Two important clues are headache from possible neurologic involvement and orthopnea from possible acute pulmonary edema/heart failure . Authoritative references on hypertensive emergency describe it as severe hypertension with target-organ damage such as pulmonary edema and neurologic symptoms, and headache is a common presenting complaint while orthopnea points to pulmonary congestion. ( NCBI ) So in an EMT testing context, the best two choices are B. Orthopnea and E. Headache because they fit the pattern of a hypertensive crisis with serious organ-system effects, not just isolated elevated blood pressure. ( NCBI )
NEW QUESTION # 177
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