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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Client education, communication techniques - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Practice management, team collaboration |
| Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Intraoperative and postoperative care |
| Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies |
| Anesthesia | 13% | - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Recovery and emergency management |
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Physical examination, patient assessment - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Infection control, sanitation, isolation |
| Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Multimodal analgesia protocols - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control |
| Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Sample collection, handling and processing - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis |
| Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities - Image quality assessment and documentation - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique |
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Controlled substance management - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents |
| Dentistry | 7% | - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Dental anatomy, disease recognition |
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NEW QUESTION # 590
All of the following are crystalloid fluids, except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
Crystalloids and colloids are two classes of intravenous fluids. Hydroxyethyl starch (hestastarch)is a synthetic colloid fluid, not a crystalloid. Recently, concern has been raised about the safety of hydroxyethyl starch and the increased risk of renal injury and coagulopathies.
Examples of crystalloid solutions are 0.9% NaCl, Plasmalyte 148, and Normosol R.
NEW QUESTION # 591
When clipping an animal and prepping for aural surgery, such as for an aural hematoma repair, all of the following describe clipping sites, except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
When clipping for aural surgery, you want to include sufficient area, not just the pinnae. This includes clipping ventrally to the ventral midline. You want to use the dorsal midline on the head and neck as another landmark and, finally, the lateral canthus of the eye.
NEW QUESTION # 592
Mandibular prognathism can also be known as which of the following?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Class I malocclusions (neutroclusion) occur when one or more teeth are in an abnormal position (misaligned). The maxilla and mandible develop in a normal relationship to each other. A Class I tooth may be pointing in the wrong direction or rotated. Common examples include rostral crossbites and linguoversion (also called base-narrow canines).
Class II-III malocclusions affect jaw length rather than tooth position alone.
Class II malocclusions (distoclusion) occur when the maxilla is forward (maxillary prognathism) and the mandible develops caudally (mandibular retrognathism). Other names include brachygnathism, overbite, and parrot mouth. These are most commonly observed in dolichocephalic dogs (long maxilla and narrow skulls).
Class III malocclusions (mesioclusion) occur when the mandible is forward (mandibular prognathism) relative to the maxilla (maxillary retrognathism). Other names include prognathism and underbite. These are commonly observed in brachycephalic dogs.
Additional malocclusions may be described, such as those created by an abnormal number of teeth in the mouth and other abnormalities that are non-specific, such as wry mouth. This simply pertains to various occlusal abnormalities that occur unilaterally.
NEW QUESTION # 593
You are discharging a patient with a broken leg. The owner had financial concerns, and the several non-displaced metatarsal fractures were managed with a splint and bandage rather than surgery. You will review bandage and splint care, confinement restrictions, and other related information. The owner was provided with an e-collar and advised to always have it on the pet when unsupervised. The owner should check certain things daily or more than once a day.
All of the following may require immediate re-evaluation, except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
The owner was discharged with an e-collar for a reason. Owners always think their pet will not go after the bandage and do not realize that if they leave the room for a second and return, that can be enough time for them to do serious damage. If cast padding is popping up through the top of the bandage, this could be poor bandaging technique, insufficient elasticon at the top, or because the pet was chewing. As long as the bandage remains dry and clean, they do not need to bring the pet in, but the pet should always have the cone on. Be sure to explain to the owner that the pet should wear the e-collar when they leave a room, are asleep, or are out of sight for any reason, especially when left alone for any time. We do not want the pet to go after the cast padding, as it could become a foreign body hazard, cause GI upset, damage the bandage, and cause moisture to build up.
There are six key things to have the owner monitor while the pet is wearing a bandage:
1. Bandage positioning: The owner should evaluate the bandage and note any slippage or looseness of the bandage/splint. If it has slipped significantly, the bandage must be replaced to prevent the splint from shifting. If this shifts, it could prevent fracture union and cause additional complications.
2. Skin irritation around the bandage edge: If noted, while it may not need to be evaluated right away, it could suggest the splint is too long or too sharp and needs to be cut - the pet is licking because it is uncomfortable or other there are other abnormalities, and thus, the pet should be re-evaluated.
3. Bandage discoloration: Staining may occur, changing the color of the bandage. This can be concerning and suggestive of possible wetness on the outside of the bandage or from strike-through if there is interior discharge. This patient should be seen immediately. The bandage must be removed, and the fracture site and skin should be evaluated.
4. Moisture: Anytime a bandage, splint, or cast becomes wet, it must be changed immediately. The risk of bacteria whicking into the area is high. Further, moisture can lead to sores and delay healing.
5. Odor. We all know that bad smell that arises from a wet or infected area. Why owners do not comprehend that this is not normal is hard to say. But if they know from the beginning to look for it and pay attention to the lack of smell regularly, they will be more likely to recognize it when it arises. This can signify infection and should be immediately evaluated.
6. Bandage chewing: We all know the telltale signs of chewing - torn tape, wet areas of the bandage where the pet can reach, or discoloration from moisture. If the owner sees this and the pet hasn't been wearing a cone, the owner should always be advised to keep the cone on at all times. But, the bandage should be assessed and changed as needed. This can be a sign of pain, and the pet's pain protocol may also need to be re-evaluated.
Owners should also be advised to look for signs of pain. If the patient is fully weight-bearing, albeit awkwardly, once the splint and bandage are in place and suddenly stops putting weight on it, or if the patient was not going after the bandage with the e-collar off but suddenly starts to, this could be a sign of pain and the pet should be re-evaluated.
Remind the owner to always have the bandage covered while the pet is outside, regardless of whether the ground is wet. But ensure the owner removes the covering upon returning inside.
NEW QUESTION # 594
Which of the following describes adaptive pain?
Answer: A
Explanation:
We can see an array of pain types in veterinary medicine, from acute to chronic pain to wind-up or central sensitization and more.
Adaptive pain refers to the body's normal physiological response to a stimulus that leads to inflammation or tissue damage.
Allodynia refers to pain that arises from a stimulus not normally considered painful (as we can see with wind-up/central sensitization) and some medical conditions.
Pathologic pain is characterized by an amplified reaction that surpasses its intended protective function. This phenomenon is often linked to tissue damage due to trauma or after surgical intervention.
Physiologic pain refers to the sensation of pain that serves as a protective mechanism, prompting an animal to distance itself from possible harm to their tissues or to refrain from engaging in movements or contact with external stimuli during tissue repair.
Understanding the various types of pain in conjunction with the various types of pain medications and how they play a role in modifying the pain pathway will help in drug selection and keeping ahead of a patient's pain.
NEW QUESTION # 595
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