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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Minimize admission of containers with FlexVolume volumes - Minimize admission of containers that allow host namespaces - Minimize admission of containers without seccomp profiles - Minimize admission of containers without a security context - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host IPC namespace - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host network namespace - Minimize admission of containers with raw block devices - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host process namespace - Minimize admission of containers with added capabilities - Minimize admission of containers with allowPrivilegeEscalation - Minimize admission of privileged containers - Minimize admission of containers with capabilities assigned - Minimize admission of containers with hostPath volumes - Minimize admission of containers without AppArmor profile |
| Topic 2: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Sign container images and verify signatures - Understand the container build process - Use static analysis tools to detect vulnerabilities - Understand image security scanning and its workflow - Understand the software supply chain best practices - Minimize base image footprint - Use distroless images for static workload - Use image admission controllers to prevent use of untrusted images |
| Topic 3: System Hardening | 15% | - Understand the concept of OPA (Open Policy Agent) and Gatekeeper - Enable audit logging - Modify host components to improve security - Kernel defaults and parameters using sysctl |
| Topic 4: Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Use PSP to enforce security controls - Understand the principle of immutable containers - Set appropriate security contexts for pods and containers - Use AppArmor or seccomp profiles to constrain container behavior - Use OPA Gatekeeper to enforce security controls - Configure network policies for namespace isolation |
| Topic 5: Monitoring, Logging, and Runtime Security | 20% | - Understand and monitor network traffic - Detect threats at the container level - Perform behavioral analytics to detect malicious activity - Audit and detect logs and events for anomalies - Falco - container security monitoring and threat detection - Minimize the attack surface using container health indicators |
| Topic 6: Cluster Setup | 10% | - Manage sensitive information in clusters - Understand the security implications of embedding cloud provider flags - Implement Pod-to-Pod encryption using mTLS or WireGuard - Use Pod Security Policies to control security-related pod behaviors - Use Cis benchmarks to check Kubernetes cluster settings - Configure TLS certificates and minimum version for etcd - Use role-based access control (RBAC) to minimize exposure |
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NEW QUESTION # 17
You have a Kubernetes cluster with a Deployment named 'my-app' that exposes a service on port 80. You want to enforce a policy that allows only traffic from pods With a specific label to access this service.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a NetworkPolicy:
- Define a NetworkPolicy resource with a 'podSelector' that matches the 'my-app' Deployment.
- Create an 'ingress' rule that allows traffic only from pods with the specific label.
- Use the 'from' field to specify the label selector.
- Ensure that the port 80 is included in the 'ports' field.
2. Apply the NetworkPolicy: - Apply the YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f my-app-label-policy-yamr 3. Verify the NetworkPolicy: - Use 'kubectl get networkpolicies' to list the available network policies. - Use 'kubectl describe networkpolicy my-app-label-policy' to view the details ot the applied policy. 4. Test the NetworkPolicy: - Deploy a pod with the label 'allowed: true' and attempt to access the service on port 80. Verify that the connection is successful. - Deploy a pod without the label 'allowed: true' and attempt to access the service on port 80. Verify that the connection is denied.
NEW QUESTION # 18
You are managing a Kubernetes cluster running on AWS and need to assess the security configuration of the kubelet service against the CIS Kubernetes Benchmark v1 -7.1. You suspect that the '--cgroup-driver' flag is not properly configured, which could potentially expose the cluster to security vulnerabilities. Describe how you would use 'kubectl' to audit the current kubelet configuration and then determine the appropriate configuration tor the '-cgroup-driver' flag based on the CIS benchmark guidance. Assume that the kubelet service is running in a containerized environment.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Audit the kubelet configuration:
- Execute the following command to retrieve the kubelet configuration:
bash
kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath='{.items0.status.nodelnfo.kubeletVersion}'
- This command will output the kubelet version, which can be used to identifry the specific version of the CIS Kubernetes Benchmark that applies.
- Use 'kubectl describe node to retrieve the kubelet configuration for the specific node.
2. Review the CIS Benchmark guidance:
- Refer to the CIS Kubernetes Benchmark v1 -7.1 document for the specific guidance on the '--cgroup-driver' flag. The benchmark typically recommends using a specific 'cgroup-driver' value depending on the Kubernetes version and the underlying operating systenm
- For example, on a Kubernetes cluster running on AWS, the CIS bencnmark may recommend using the 'systemd' cgroup driver.
3. Determine the current kubelet configuration:
- Check the output of 'kubectl describe node for the value of the flag.
- This will show you the current configuration of the '-cgroup-driver' flag for the kubelet
5. Update the kubelet configuratiom
- Update the kubelet configuration for each node in your cluster to reflect the CIS benchmark recommendation. This may involve editing the kubelet configuration file or using a tool such as kubeadm or kubectl to modify the kubelet configuration.
6. Verify the changes:
- Run the audit commands again to verify that the kubelet configuration has been updated as expected.
NEW QUESTION # 19
Service is running on port 389 inside the system, find the process-id of the process, and stores the names of all the open-files inside the /candidate/KH77539/files.txt, and also delete the binary.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 20
Your organization has a policy requiring all Kubernetes deployments to utilize Pod Security Policies (PSPs) to enforce security best practices. You're responsible for creating a PSP that enforces the following:
- Only allows containers with a specific security context (privileged: false, runAsUser: 1000, readOnlyRootFilesystem: true)
- Restricts access to most resources by denying the 'hostPort and 'hostNetwork' capabilities.
- Prohibits the use of privileged containers.
Implement the required PSP configuration
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a PodSecurityPolicy:
- Define a PodSecurityP01icy named 'secure-policy' that enforces the specified security restrictions.
2. Create a PodSecurityPolicy8inding: - Bind the 'secure-policy' to a namespace or specific deployments. - This ensures that the PSP is enforced for deployments Within the bound scope.
3. Deploy the PSP: - Apply the 'secure-policy.yaml and 'secure-policy-binding.yaml files to the cluster - This will activate the PSP and enforce the defined security rules. 4. Validate PSP Enforcement - Attempt to create a deployment that violates the PSP rules. - Verifry that the deployment creation fails due to the PSP enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 21
SIMULATION
Documentation Deployments, Pods, Falco
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000026
Context
A Pod is misbehaving and poses a security threat to the system.
Task
One of the Pods belonging to the application ollama is misbehaving. It is directly accessing the system's memory reading from the sensitive file /dev/mem.
First, identify the misbehaving Pod accessing /dev/mem.
The cluster uses the Docker Engine as its container runtime . If needed, use the docker command to troubleshoot running containers.
Next, identify the Deployment managing the misbehaving Pod and scale it to zero replicas.
Do not modify the Deployment except for scaling it down.
Do not modify any other Deployments .
Do not delete any Deployments.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000026
sudo -i
2) Identify the misbehaving Pod accessing /dev/mem
This task hints Falco is available → use it first (fast + intended).
2.1 Check Falco logs for /dev/mem access
journalctl -u falco | grep dev/mem
If Falco runs as a pod instead of systemd:
kubectl -n falco logs -l app=falco | grep dev/mem
2.2 Identify the Pod name
From the Falco output, you will see something like:
Pod=ollama-xxxxx Namespace=default File=/dev/mem
Note the exact Pod name (example: ollama-7c9d6f7b6d-abcde)
3) (If Falco logs are unclear) Confirm using Docker runtime
Because the cluster uses Docker, verify which container is accessing /dev/mem.
3.1 List running containers
docker ps
3.2 Inspect suspicious container
(Find container related to ollama)
docker inspect <container_id> | grep ollama
You should confirm it maps to the same Pod you saw in Falco.
4) Identify the Deployment managing the misbehaving Pod
4.1 Get Pod details
kubectl get pod <MISBEHAVING_POD_NAME> -o wide
4.2 Find owning Deployment
kubectl get pod <MISBEHAVING_POD_NAME> -o jsonpath='{.metadata.ownerReference[0].name}' This will output something like:
ollama
That is the Deployment name
5) Scale ONLY that Deployment to zero replicas
Do not edit, delete, or touch anything else
kubectl scale deployment ollama --replicas=0
6) Verify the Pod is terminated
kubectl get pods | grep ollama
Expected: no running Pods
Also confirm replicas:
kubectl get deployment ollama
Replicas should show:
0/0
NEW QUESTION # 22
......
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