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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: IoT & OT Security | 4% | - Attacks on IoT & OT Systems - IoT/OT Architecture & Risks - Security Controls |
| Topic 2: Sniffing | 5% | - Sniffing Countermeasures - Sniffing Tools & Techniques - Packet Sniffing Concepts - MITM Attacks |
| Topic 3: Cryptography | 5% | - Encryption Concepts & Algorithms - Cryptography in Practice - Cryptanalysis & Attacks - Public Key Infrastructure |
| Topic 4: Scanning Networks | 8% | - Network Scanning Basics - AI-Assisted Scanning - Scanning Beyond IDS/Firewall - Service & OS Fingerprinting - Host & Port Discovery - Scanning Countermeasures |
| Topic 5: Session Hijacking | 4% | - Hijacking Techniques - Application & Network Level Hijacking - Countermeasures - Session Hijacking Concepts |
| Topic 6: Web Server & Application Attacks | 8% | - API Security Risks - Web Security Countermeasures - Web Server Vulnerabilities - SQL Injection & Command Injection - Web Application Attacks: XSS, CSRF |
| Topic 7: Cloud Computing | 5% | - Cloud Security Risks - Cloud Security Best Practices - Cloud Models & Services - AWS, Azure, GCP Attacks |
| Topic 8: Mobile Platforms | 4% | - Mobile Attack Vectors - Android & iOS Vulnerabilities - Mobile Device Security |
| Topic 9: Malware Threats | 7% | - AI-Powered Malware - APT & Fileless Malware - Malware Types: Trojans, Viruses, Worms - Malware Analysis & Countermeasures |
| Topic 10: Social Engineering | 6% | - Countermeasures & Awareness - Identity Theft - Phishing, Pretexting, Baiting - Social Engineering Concepts |
| Topic 11: Evading IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots | 5% | - Evasion Techniques - IDS, IPS, Firewall Technologies - Honeypot Concepts & Detection |
| Topic 12: Vulnerability Analysis | 8% | - Vulnerability Research & Databases - Scanning & Analysis Tools - Vulnerability Classification & Scoring - Vulnerability Assessment Lifecycle |
| Topic 13: Denial-of-Service | 4% | - DoS & DDoS Concepts - Defense Mechanisms - Attack Techniques & Botnets - DDoS Tools |
| Topic 14: Footprinting and Reconnaissance | 7% | - DNS, WHOIS, Network Mapping - OSINT Techniques - Reconnaissance Countermeasures - Reconnaissance Concepts |
| Topic 15: Enumeration | 7% | - AI-Driven Enumeration - Enumeration Concepts - Enumeration Countermeasures - NetBIOS, SNMP, LDAP Enumeration - DNS, SMTP, NFS Enumeration |
| Topic 16: Wireless Networks | 5% | - Wireless Threats & Attacks - Security Best Practices - Wireless Encryption: WEP, WPA2, WPA3 - Wireless Hacking Tools |
| Topic 17: System Hacking | 8% | - Maintaining Access - Privilege Escalation - Gaining Access: Password Attacks - Clearing Tracks & Logs |
| Topic 18: Introduction to Ethical Hacking | 5% | - Cyber Kill Chain & MITRE ATT&CK - Ethical Hacking Methodology - Legal and Ethical Compliance - Information Security Concepts |
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NEW QUESTION # 771
In Miami, Florida, a luxury resort deploys smart climate control units in guest rooms. During a red team engagement, ethical hacker Sophia Bennett discovers that once a compromised device is restarted, it continues running altered instructions without any integrity check before the operating system loads. This allows tampered firmware to run as if it were legitimate. Which secure development practice would most directly prevent this weakness?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The weakness described is that a device can reboot and still execute tampered firmware or pre-boot code
"without any integrity check before the operating system loads." The secure development practice that most directly prevents this is Secure Boot. Secure boot establishes a chain of trust starting at power-on, where each stage of the boot process verifies the integrity and authenticity of the next stage (bootloader, kernel, firmware components) before execution. If the verification fails (because firmware was modified, unsigned, or improperly signed), the device can halt, fall back to a known-good image, or enter a recovery mode- preventing malicious pre-OS code from running as if it were legitimate.
This matters especially for IoT devices such as smart climate control units, where attackers may attempt to persist by modifying firmware so that malware survives reboots. Without pre-boot integrity verification, a compromised device can continually load attacker-controlled instructions, making detection and remediation difficult.
Why the other options are less direct:
Code signing (A) is important, but by itself it does not guarantee the device will verify signatures at boot time.
Secure boot is the enforcement mechanism that validates signed boot components before they run.
Secure firmware/software updates (B) reduce the chance of malicious updates being installed (e.g., signed OTA updates, authenticated update channels), but they do not necessarily prevent execution of already- tampered firmware at startup if boot-time verification is missing.
Secure communication protocols (C) protect data in transit and device communications, but they do not address firmware integrity during the boot process.
Therefore, the most direct preventive practice for this pre-OS integrity gap is D. Ensure secure boot.
NEW QUESTION # 772
During an investigation, an ethical hacker discovers that a web application's API has been compromised, leading to unauthorized access and data manipulation. The attacker is using webhooks and a webshell. To prevent further exploitation, which of the following actions should be taken?
Answer: A
Explanation:
This question focuses on API Security, Webhooks abuse, and Webshell mitigation, all of which are addressed in the CEH v13 Web Application Hacking and Security Operations modules. The most appropriate corrective action is Option D, as it directly addresses the root causes and persistence mechanisms of the compromise.
According to CEH v13, attackers frequently exploit improper input validation in APIs and insecure webhook implementations to inject malicious payloads or gain remote command execution. Webhooks, when not properly validated, can accept malicious requests that trigger backend processes, making them a common vector for API abuse.
Input validation on all API endpoints is critical to prevent injection attacks, including command injection and SQL injection. CEH v13 explicitly emphasizes validating request parameters, headers, and payload structures to prevent malicious manipulation.
Reviewing webhook payloads ensures that only trusted sources can trigger automated actions, preventing attackers from abusing webhook functionality. This includes validating signatures, enforcing authentication, and restricting allowed payload formats.
Finally, regular scanning for webshells is essential because webshells provide persistent backdoor access.
CEH v13 identifies webshell detection as a key defensive measure during incident response and post- exploitation containment.
Other options are incomplete:
* A WAF alone cannot detect all webshells.
* IP blocking is ineffective against spoofed or cloud-based attacks.
* MFA and server hardening are valuable but do not directly address webhook abuse or existing webshells.
Therefore, Option D provides the most comprehensive, CEH v13-aligned mitigation strategy.
NEW QUESTION # 773
Tony is a penetration tester tasked with performing a penetration test. After gaining initial access to a target system, he finds a list of hashed passwords. Which of the following tools would not be useful for cracking the hashed passwords?
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 774
Ethical hacker Ryan Brooks, a skilled penetration tester from Austin, Texas, was hired by Skyline Aeronautics, a leading aerospace firm in Denver, to conduct a security assessment. One stormy morning, Ryan noticed an unexpected lag in the routine system update process while running his tests, sparking his curiosity. During a late-night session, he observed a junior analyst, Chris Miller, cautiously modifying a legacy server's configuration, including a scheduled task set to a specific date. The lead developer, Jessica Hayes, casually mentioned receiving an odd email from an unfamiliar source, which she ignored as clutter. As Ryan probed deeper, he detected a faint increase in network activity only after the scheduled date passed, and a systems admin, Mark Thompson, quickly pointed out some unusual code traces on a dormant workstation.
Which type of threat best characterizes this attack?
Answer: C
Explanation:
A logic bomb is malware or malicious code that is deliberately planted within a system and configured to execute when a specific condition is met, such as a particular date and time, a user action, or the presence or absence of a file. CEH materials describe logic bombs as condition-based triggers that can remain dormant for extended periods, producing minimal indicators until the trigger occurs. The most decisive clue in this scenario is the "scheduled task set to a specific date," followed by abnormal behavior that appears only after that date passes. This is a textbook trigger mechanism used to activate malicious actions while avoiding early detection.
The "odd email from an unfamiliar source" suggests an initial delivery or social engineering vector, but the core behavior is the delayed activation. The later "faint increase in network activity only after the scheduled date passed" aligns with a logic bomb executing a payload such as beaconing, data exfiltration, or enabling remote access. The "unusual code traces on a dormant workstation" further supports the idea of implanted code that was inactive until triggered.
Fileless malware emphasizes execution in memory using legitimate tools such as PowerShell or WMI and is defined more by its living-off-the-land technique than by a date-based trigger. An APT describes a broader campaign style involving long-term, multi-stage intrusion, not a single defining trigger artifact. Ransomware is characterized by encryption and extortion behavior, which is not described. Therefore, the threat is best characterized as a logic bomb.
NEW QUESTION # 775
As part of a college project, you have set up a web server for hosting your team's application. Given your interest in cybersecurity, you have taken the lead in securing the server. You are aware that hackers often attempt to exploit server misconfigurations. Which of the following actions would best protect your web server from potential misconfiguration-based attacks?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The action that would best protect your web server from potential misconfiguration-based attacks is performing regular server configuration audits. A server configuration audit is a process of reviewing and verifying the security settings and parameters of the server, such as user accounts, permissions, services, ports, protocols, files, directories, logs, and patches. A server configuration audit can help you to identify and fix any security misconfigurations that may expose your server to attacks, such as using default credentials, enabling unnecessary services, leaving open ports, or missing security updates. A server configuration audit can also help you to comply with the security standards and best practices for your server, such as the CIS Benchmarks or the OWASP Secure Configuration Guide12.
The other options are not as effective as option A for the following reasons:
B). Enabling multi-factor authentication for users: This option is not relevant because it does not address the server misconfiguration issue, but the user authentication issue. Multi-factor authentication is a method of verifying the identity of the users by requiring them to provide two or more pieces of evidence, such as a password, a code, or a biometric factor. Multi-factor authentication can enhance the security of the user accounts and prevent unauthorized access, but it does not prevent the server from being attacked due to misconfigured settings or parameters3.
C). Implementing a firewall to filter traffic: This option is not sufficient because it does not prevent the server from being misconfigured, but only limits the exposure of the server to the network. A firewall is a device or software that monitors and controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined rules. A firewall can protect the server from external attacks by blocking or allowing certain ports, protocols, or IP addresses. However, a firewall cannot protect the server from internal attacks or from attacks that exploit the allowed traffic. Moreover, a firewall itself can be misconfigured and cause security issues4.
D). Regularly backing up server data: This option is not preventive but reactive, as it does not protect the server from being attacked, but only helps to recover the data in case of an attack. Backing up server data is a process of creating and storing copies of the data on the server, such as files, databases, or configurations.
Backing up server data can help you to restore the data in case of data loss, corruption, or deletion due to an attack. However, backing up server data does not prevent the server from being attacked in the first place, and it does not fix the security misconfigurations that may have caused the attack5.
References:
1: Server Configuration Audit - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
2: Secure Configuration Guide - OWASP Foundation
3: Multi-factor authentication - Wikipedia
4: Firewall (computing) - Wikipedia
5: Backup - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 776
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