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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Project Planning | - Scope, schedule, cost, and resource planning - Communication and procurement planning - Risk management planning and quality planning |
| Project Management Principles (ISO 21502 Framework) | - Project management concepts and governance alignment - Roles, responsibilities, and organizational context |
| Project Closure | - Administrative closure and handover - Final deliverables acceptance - Lessons learned and project evaluation |
| Project Execution | - Team leadership and resource coordination - Deliverable production and integration management |
| Monitoring and Controlling | - Performance tracking and reporting - Change control and issue management - Risk and quality control |
| Project Initiation | - Project charter and stakeholder identification - Business case development and justification |
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질문 # 25
Among others, what should be considered when defining a procurement strategy?
정답：A
설명：
The correct answer is A. The delivery practices . When defining a procurement strategy, the project should consider how the required goods, services, or works will be delivered, integrated, accepted, and controlled.
Delivery practices influence contract type, supplier engagement model, packaging of work, procurement timing, risk allocation, quality requirements, logistics, inspection points, acceptance criteria, and coordination with the project schedule. For example, a project using iterative delivery, staged implementation, just-in-time supply, or specialist subcontracting may require a different procurement strategy than one using a single fixed- scope contract. Option B, supplier performance, is important during supplier evaluation, contract management, and procurement control, but it is not the broad strategic factor being tested here. Option C, the process used in previous contracts, may provide lessons or templates, but relying on past processes alone can produce a procurement approach that is not fit for the current project. Procurement strategy should be based on the present project's delivery needs, risks, market conditions, and integration requirements. The uploaded source question identifies delivery practices as one of the factors to consider when defining procurement strategy.
Reference topics: procurement strategy, delivery practices, contract approach, supplier engagement, procurement planning.
질문 # 26
Which of the following statements regarding the difference between traditional and agile methodologies is correct?
정답：A
설명：
The correct answer is C because stakeholder involvement is generally more intensive and continuous in agile approaches than in traditional predictive approaches. In traditional project management, the project structure, scope baseline, schedule, cost baseline, and delivery path are often defined more firmly at earlier stages.
Stakeholder input is important, but it is commonly concentrated during initiation, requirements gathering, approvals, stage gates, and formal change control. Agile approaches, by contrast, rely on iterative development, frequent feedback, progressive refinement, and continuous stakeholder collaboration.
Stakeholders, users, product owners, customers, or customer representatives can significantly influence priorities, acceptance, backlog refinement, and the evolving shape of the solution. Option A is incorrect because agile approaches are generally more capable of changing direction based on feedback, while traditional approaches are usually less flexible once baselines are established. Option B is also reversed:
traditional approaches usually have a more firmly defined project structure, whereas agile approaches allow more adaptation. The source question set identifies this item as a comparison between traditional and agile methodologies.
Reference topics: traditional methodology, agile methodology, stakeholder engagement, iterative delivery, adaptive project management.
질문 # 27
Scenario:
Leute is a low-cost airline, headquartered in Wien, Austria. The company aims to offer passengers optimal options regarding its services and gain the lead role among other competitors in the airline industry. Recently, Leute experienced a major drop in revenue due to negative reviews from customers in various online platforms. To increase its profit and enhance customer satisfaction, the company decided to expand its in- flight services by offering entertainment, such as movies, audio books, and games, food for purchase in economy and full meals in premium cabins, and comforts, such as blankets and pillows. For the implementation of this project and future projects of the airline, the CEO of Leute, Michaele Wagner, decided to follow the guidelines of ISO 21502 on project management.
Initially, Allison, the project manager, created a short document in which she justified and summarized all project aspects, including: the nature and purpose of the project, the objectives of the project, key milestones of the project and the time needed to complete the project, and the audience that the project targets.
Afterward, Allison held a meeting with Michaele during which she presented this document and briefly explained each of its points. After a considerable amount of analysis and discussions, the project initiation was approved by Michaele. In addition, a team of eighteen members was authorized to start with the project activities.
While undertaking the project activities, Allison ensured that each work package takes longer than 8 hours, but less than 80 hours, so that they would be completed in 1 to 10 working days. In addition, during this phase, several changes were made in the predefined aspects of the project, which were approved by Nick Todd, the project sponsor. For instance, initially, the project delivery was set to be completed after six months. However, considering how the project was implemented and the time required for the completion of each phase, the deadline for the project completion was postponed for another two months. These changes were also reflected in the business case, which was updated accordingly.
A month after the project execution began, Allison conducted an earned value analysis to measure the progress of the project up to that stage. She measured how efficiently the work was being performed with regard to its budgeted cost, after which she concluded that it was going according to the plan. Moreover, she organized a meeting with relevant project stakeholders in order to communicate the progress report to them.
Question:
Allison prepared a short document in which she justified and summarized all project aspects. Which of the following did Allison create in this case?
정답：B
설명：
The correct answer is A. Project brief . Allison created a short document that justified and summarized the key aspects of the proposed project: its nature and purpose, objectives, key milestones, expected completion time, and target audience. That description matches the purpose of a project brief. A project brief is normally prepared early to provide enough information for decision-makers to understand why the project should be initiated, what it is expected to achieve, what its high-level boundaries are, and whether it is worth authorizing. It supports the transition from an idea or need into an approved project. A project baseline, by contrast, is an approved reference point used to compare actual performance against planned scope, schedule, or cost. A project plan is more detailed and describes how the project will be executed, monitored, controlled, and closed. Allison's document was prepared before formal approval and used to support project initiation, so it is not a baseline or a full plan. The scenario clearly states that the document justified and summarized the project and was presented before initiation approval.
Reference topics: project brief, pre-project activities, project initiation, business justification, authorization.
질문 # 28
Scenario:
Exhibix is a video game developer headquartered in Zagreb, Croatia, which is known for producing therapeutic video games for children dealing with ADHD. In order to improve users' experience, Exhibix suggested undertaking a project that would enable users to interact with the virtual content in the form of holograms through augmented reality glasses in the video games. For this project, the management decided to follow the guidelines of ISO 21502 on project management.
Prior to formalizing project management, the management of Exhibix assessed, among others, the potential impacts that the project management approach may have on both internal and external stakeholders. In addition, they determined if there were sufficient resources, both human and financial, for the formalized project management. Furthermore, during this period, the management decided to assess only the nature of previous projects, due to their successful delivery.
After formalizing project management, the project board organized a meeting during which they delegated their responsibilities to the project sponsor. Following this meeting, the project sponsor and project manager proceeded to define the project phases and their time frames. Considering the complexity of the project, the project manager suggested leaving open the possibility of overlapping certain phases of the project.
The preparations began in June, and the project manager and the team, consisting of 20 highly skilled professionals, had approximately six months to implement the project. During the implementation of the project, the project team noticed that the low maturity level of the company's project management and the limited availability of resources were likely to have a negative impact on the performance of the project. With the deadline approaching, the team was also under a lot of pressure to close the project on time.
They were confronted with numerous challenges with the AR software, which led to the extension of the deadline for the project completion. During this period, the project office assisted the project manager and the team by providing administrative support and managing information regarding the project. Following these events, the project manager and the team were able to complete the project within the new set deadline. After the project sponsor confirmed the project closure, the AR glasses were released for use.
Question:
Prior to formalizing project management, Exhibix decided to assess only the nature of previous projects. Is this acceptable?
정답：B
설명：
No. Exhibix should also assess the nature of current and future projects before formalizing project management. Formalizing project management means establishing a consistent approach for governance, roles, responsibilities, planning, controls, resources, methods, tools, reporting, assurance, and decision- making. If an organization assesses only previous successful projects, it may design a project management approach that reflects past conditions but fails to address current complexity or future strategic needs. In this scenario, the project involves holograms, augmented reality glasses, therapeutic gaming, a six-month delivery target, and significant software complexity. These characteristics may differ substantially from Exhibix's previous successful projects. The organization therefore needs to assess current project demands, future project pipeline requirements, resource capacity, project management maturity, stakeholder impacts, and expected complexity. The scenario itself later confirms that low maturity and limited resources negatively affected project performance, showing why broader assessment was necessary. A mature ISO 21502-aligned approach requires tailoring project management to the organization's current and anticipated project environment, not merely repeating practices from past success.
Reference topics: formalizing project management, organizational context, project management maturity, current and future projects, resource assessment, stakeholder impact.
질문 # 29
Scenario:
Tricko is a clothing manufacturer headquartered in Milano, Italy. The company was founded in 2010 by Mario, a famous Italian fashion designer. Over the last few years, the company has seen immense growth and now has a chain of stores across multiple European cities. Following industry trends, the top management of Tricko concluded that the company should establish an online store. As such, they required Lily, an experienced IT engineer, to develop a brief for this potential project. After several meetings and discussions, the top management approved the project brief and assigned Lily as the project manager. For this project, she was instructed to use the guidelines of ISO 21502 on project management.
Lily initiated the project by mobilizing the project team, which included four web developers, two network engineers, and one systems analyst. In order to ensure that every team member is fully aware of their roles and responsibilities, Lily developed team performance domains which would link each project activity with the individuals responsible for undertaking it. She explained to the team members that it is important to clearly understand their roles and responsibilities, considering that the team composition cannot be reassessed or revised once the project plan is authorized to be executed. In addition, Lily defined in a document the project's contribution to the overall objectives of Tricko, which reflected the relevant project requirements and their associated acceptance criteria.
Following that, Lily worked with the project team to discuss project costs. She suggested the team initially establish cost estimates only for the first phase of the project and then for the entire project. In addition, she required cost estimates to be expressed in currency valuations and in labor hours. One of the network engineers suggested that each team member should provide an estimate, and then the team should reach an agreement for a joint estimate. On the other hand, one of the developers suggested establishing an estimate for the costs after the closure of the project, such as advertising and promotion costs. Lily agreed with their suggestions and asked them to provide a total estimate as soon as possible.
Based on the total estimate provided by the project team, Lily developed the project budget and created a list of project activities, divided them into smaller items, and assigned a budget for each item.
Question:
Based on scenario 5, which estimation method for project cost did the network engineer propose?
정답：A
설명：
The correct answer is C. Wideband Delphi estimating . The network engineer proposed that each team member should provide an estimate and that the team should then reach agreement on a joint estimate. This is consistent with Wideband Delphi, a group-based estimation technique in which several experts or team members contribute estimates, discuss assumptions, reconcile differences, and converge toward a consensus estimate. It is especially useful when work is uncertain, expert judgment is needed, or several technical perspectives must be integrated. Option A, parametric estimating, uses statistical relationships or parameters, such as cost per page, cost per transaction, cost per server, or effort per function point. The scenario does not describe the use of historical rates or mathematical parameters. Option B, single-point estimating, provides one estimate for a task, often without explicitly representing uncertainty or group consensus. The network engineer's proposal is not an individual single estimate; it is a collaborative consensus process. For Tricko's online store, this method is suitable because developers, network engineers, and systems analysts each understand different cost drivers. The uploaded source scenario describes this team-estimate-and-consensus method directly.
Reference topics: cost estimating, Wideband Delphi, expert judgment, consensus estimating, project cost planning.
질문 # 30
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