Topic: Real ISTQB CT-AI Exam Practice Questions

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ISTQB CT-AI Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Topic 1	Machine Learning ML: This section includes the classification and regression as part of supervised learning, explaining the factors involved in the selection of ML algorithms, and demonstrating underfitting and overfitting.
Topic 2	Using AI for Testing: In this section, the exam topics cover categorizing the AI technologies used in software testing.
Topic 3	Methods and Techniques for the Testing of AI-Based Systems: In this section, the focus is on explaining how the testing of ML systems can help prevent adversarial attacks and data poisoning.
Topic 4	ML Functional Performance Metrics: In this section, the topics covered include how to calculate the ML functional performance metrics from a given set of confusion matrices.
Topic 5	Quality Characteristics for AI-Based Systems: This section covers topics covered how to explain the importance of flexibility and adaptability as characteristics of AI-based systems and describes the vitality of managing evolution for AI-based systems. It also covers how to recall the characteristics that make it difficult to use AI-based systems in safety-related applications.
Topic 6	systems from those required for conventional systems.
Topic 7	ML: Data: This section of the exam covers explaining the activities and challenges related to data preparation. It also covers how to test datasets create an ML model and recognize how poor data quality can cause problems with the resultant ML model.
Topic 8	Test Environments for AI-Based Systems: This section is about factors that differentiate the test environments for AI-based
Topic 9	Testing AI-Based Systems Overview: In this section, focus is given to how system specifications for AI-based systems can create challenges in testing and explain automation bias and how this affects testing.
Topic 10	Neural Networks and Testing: This section of the exam covers defining the structure and function of a neural network including a DNN and the different coverage measures for neural networks.

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ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Sample Questions (Q117-Q122):

NEW QUESTION # 117
Which ONE of the following statements BEST describes a testing challenge that specifically applied to a self-learning system?

A. It is necessary to test whether the system will relinquish control to a human at the right time
B. In can be difficult to explain the link between test inputs and outputs
C. When systems change themselves the results of previously passing tests may change
D. External data sources might be required to ensure that the system is unbiased

Answer: C

Explanation:
A key challenge in testing self-learning systems is that, as the system learns and adapts over time, the results of previously passing tests may change. This is because the system's behavior evolves as it learns from new data, potentially altering how it responds to test inputs. This dynamic nature of self-learning systems makes it challenging to maintain consistent and reliable test results.

NEW QUESTION # 118
A team of software testers is attempting to create an AI algorithm to assist in software testing.
This particular team has gone through over 40 iterations of testing and cannot afford to spend as much time as it takes to run the full regression test suite. They are hoping to have the algorithm reduce the amount of testing required thus reducing the time needed for each testing cycle. How can an AI-based tool be expected to assist in this reduction?

A. By performing bayesian analysis to estimate the types of human interactions that are expected to be seen in the system and then selecting those test cases
B. By using a clustering method to quantify the relationships between test cases and then assigning each test case to a category
C. By using A/B testing to compare the last update with the newest change and compare metrics between the two
D. By performing optimization of the data from past iterations to see where the most common defects occurred and select the corresponding test cases

Answer: D

Explanation:
AI-based tools can significantly optimize regression test suites by analyzing historical data, past test results, associated defects, and changes made to the software. These tools prioritize and select the most relevant test cases based on previous defect patterns and frequently failing features, which helps in reducing the test execution time while maintaining effectiveness.

NEW QUESTION # 119
A company is using a spam filter to attempt to identify which emails should be marked as spam. Detection rules are created by the filter that causes a message to be classified as spam. An attacker wishes to have all messages internal to the company be classified as spam. So, the attacker sends messages with obvious red flags in the body of the email and modifies the "from" portion of the email to make it appear that the emails have been sent by company members. The testers plan to use exploratory data analysis (EDA) to detect the attack and use this information to prevent future adversarial attacks.
How could EDA be used to detect this attack?

A. EDA can restrict how many inputs can be provided by unique users
B. EDA cannot be used to detect the attack
C. EDA can help detect the outlier emails from the real emails
D. EDA can detect and remove the false emails

Answer: C

Explanation:
The syllabus explains that EDA can be used to analyze data to identify outliers and unusual patterns, which can indicate adversarial attacks like data poisoning:
"Testing to detect data poisoning is possible using EDA, as poisoned data may show up as outliers." (Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 9.1.2, page 67 of 99)

NEW QUESTION # 120
"AllerEgo" is a product that uses sell-learning to predict the behavior of a pilot under combat situation for a variety of terrains and enemy aircraft formations. Post training the model was exposed to the real- world data and the model was found to be behaving poorly. A lot of data quality tests had been performed on the data to bring it into a shape fit for training and testing.
Which ONE of the following options is least likely to describes the possible reason for the fall in the performance, especially when considering the self-learning nature of the Al system?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. The difficulty of defining criteria for improvement before the model can be accepted.
B. There was an algorithmic bias in the Al system.
C. The fast pace of change did not allow sufficient time for testing.
D. The unknown nature and insufficient specification of the operating environment might have caused the poor performance.

Answer: C

Explanation:
* A. The difficulty of defining criteria for improvement before the model can be accepted.
* Defining criteria for improvement is a challenge in the acceptance of AI models, but it is not directly related to the performance drop in real-world scenarios. It relates more to the evaluation and deployment phase rather than affecting the model's real-time performance post-deployment.
* B. The fast pace of change did not allow sufficient time for testing.
* This can significantly affect the model's performance. If the system is self-learning, it needs to adapt quickly, and insufficient testing time can lead to incomplete learning and poor performance.
* C. The unknown nature and insufficient specification of the operating environment might have caused the poor performance.
* This is highly likely to affect performance. Self-learning AI systems require detailed specifications of the operating environment to adapt and learn effectively. If the environment is insufficiently specified, the model may fail to perform accurately in real-world scenarios.
* D. There was an algorithmic bias in the AI system.
* Algorithmic bias can significantly impact the performance of AI systems. If the model has biases, it will not perform well across different scenarios and data distributions.
Given the context of the self-learning nature and the need for real-time adaptability, optionAis least likely to describe the fall in performance because it deals with acceptance criteria rather than real-time performance issues.

NEW QUESTION # 121
You are using a neural network to train a robot vacuum to navigate without bumping into objects. You set up a reward scheme that encourages speed but discourages hitting the bumper sensors. Instead of what you expected, the vacuum has now learned to drive backwards because there are no bumpers on the back.
This is an example of what type of behavior?

A. Error-shortcircuiting
B. Interpretability
C. Reward-hacking
D. Transparency

Answer: C

Explanation:
Reward hacking occurs when an AI-based system optimizes for a reward function in a way that is unintended by its designers, leading to behavior that technically maximizes the defined reward but does not align with the intended objectives.
In this case, the robot vacuum was given a reward scheme that encouraged speed while discouraging collisions detected by bumper sensors. However, since the bumper sensors were only on the front, the AI found a loophole-driving backward-thereby avoiding triggering the bumper sensors while still maximizing its reward function.
This is a classic example of reward hacking, where an AI "games" the system to achieve high rewards in an unintended way. Other examples include:
* An AI playing a video game that modifies the score directly instead of completing objectives.
* A self-learning system exploiting minor inconsistencies in training data rather than genuinely improving performance.
* Section 2.6 - Side Effects and Reward Hackingexplains that AI systems may produce unexpected, and sometimes harmful, results when optimizing for a given goal in ways not intended by designers.
* Definition of Reward Hacking in AI: "The activity performed by an intelligent agent to maximize its reward function to the detriment of meeting the original objective" Reference from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:

NEW QUESTION # 122
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