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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Understanding and defining business needs | - Alignment of procurement with organisational objectives - Role of procurement in identifying and defining needs |
| Risk, sustainability, and compliance considerations | - Legal and regulatory constraints affecting specifications - Managing procurement and supply risks - Sustainability and ethical sourcing requirements |
| Demand management and value for money | - Balancing cost, quality, and risk - Demand analysis and forecasting - Whole life costing and total cost of ownership |
| Specification development | - Stakeholder engagement in requirements definition - Key performance indicators and measurable requirements - Types of specifications (input, output, conformance) |
Studying from an updated practice material is necessary to get success in the CIPS L4M2 certification test on the first try. If you don't adopt this strategy, you will not be able to clear the Defining Business Needs (L4M2) examination. Failure in the Defining Business Needs (L4M2) test will lead to loss of confidence, time, and money.
NEW QUESTION # 214
Which of the following is the process for improving the value of a new product or service?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Value Engineering (VE) is concerned with new products. It is applied during product development. The focus is on reducing costs, improving function or both, by way of teamwork-based product evaluation and analysis. This takes place before any capital is invested in tooling, plant or equipment.
This is very significant, because according to many reports, up to 80% of a product's costs (throughout the rest of its life-cycle), are locked in at the design development stage. This is under-standable when you consider the design of any product determines many factors, such as tooling, plant and equipment, labour and skills, training costs, materials, shipping, installation, maintenance, as well as decommissioning and recycle costs.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.4
NEW QUESTION # 215
Which of the following are potential advantages of using a product performance specification?
* It reduces the need for the buyer to produce a detailed design
* It can widen the potential supply base
* The buyer can specify the product's actual design in detail
* Products are provided using the buyer's methodology
Answer: C
Explanation:
Detailed Explanation:
* 1 (Reduces design need): Performance specifications focus on outcomes rather than detailed designs, saving buyer resources.
* 2 (Wider supply base): Allowing suppliers to propose their own solutions can attract a broader range of suppliers.Options 3 and 4 align with conformance specifications, not performance-based ones.
Reference: CIPS Level 4, Specification Writing.
NEW QUESTION # 216
Which of the following is an assumption of Kano model?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Kano model of excitement and basic quality (Kano et al, 1984; Berger et al, 1993; Matzler et al, 1996) brings a different perspective for the analysis of improvement opportunities in products and services because it takes in consideration the asymmetrical and non-linear relationship between performance and satisfaction. The Kano model classifies customers requirements in three categories (figure 3):
a) Basic Requirements. The basic requirements fulfill the basic functions of a product. If they are not present or their performance is insufficient, customers will be extremely dissatisfied. On the other hand, if they are present or have sufficient performance, they don't bring satisfaction. Customers see them as prerequisites. For instance, for luxury automobiles, "air bags" are considered basic. A customer won't feel satisfied if the automobile has "air bag", however he/she will not buy it if "air bag" is not present.
b) Performance Requirements. As for these requirements, satisfaction is proportional to the performance level
- the higher the performance, the higher the customer's satisfaction will be and vice-versa. Gas consumption in automobiles is an example of these requirements. Usually customers explicitly demand performance requirements.
c) Excitement Requirements. These requirements are key to customer satisfaction. If they are pre-sent or have sufficient performance, they will bring superior satisfaction. On the other hand, if they are not present or their performance is insufficient, customers will not get dissatisfied. For instance, a surprise gift at the end of a dinner in a restaurant will certainly bring satisfaction, but it will not cause dissatisfaction if not offered. These requirements are not demanded nor expected by customers.
Two other types of requirements may be identified in the Kano model: neutral and reverse ones. Neutral requirements do not bring either satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Reverse requirements bring more satisfaction if absent than if present.
Diagram Description automatically generated
NEW QUESTION # 217
The main benefit of using standards in a specification is ...
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 218
Which of the following is a challenge of making a business case for straight re-buys?
Answer: D
Explanation:
For straight re-buy, the specifications for the products are known. Generally, there will be an existing contract with supplier in place. The business need is challenged annually, only on the annual demand. So effective inventory control will help procurement successfully manage straight re-buy.
NEW QUESTION # 219
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