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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Anesthesia | 13% | - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Recovery and emergency management |
| Topic 2: Dentistry | 7% | - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Dental anatomy, disease recognition - Periodontal care and patient education |
| Topic 3: Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Image quality assessment and documentation - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
| Topic 4: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Controlled substance management - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes |
| Topic 5: Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique |
| Topic 6: Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Sample collection, handling and processing - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology |
| Topic 7: Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Practice management, team collaboration - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Client education, communication techniques |
| Topic 8: Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control - Multimodal analgesia protocols |
| Topic 9: Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies |
| Topic 10: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Physical examination, patient assessment |
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NEW QUESTION # 401
Which of the following age ranges is considered normal eruption of permanent canine teeth in dogs?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Each of the following are the normal ages of eruption of a dog's permanent teeth:
Canines: between 12 and 16 weeks
Incisors: between 12 and 16 weeks
Premolars: between 16 to 20 weeks
Molars: between 16 to 20 weeks
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 1219.
Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians 3rd Edition. Pg 386.
NEW QUESTION # 402
In many areas of the world, onychectomy is either illegal or being re-evaluated to determine the utility of the procedure and whether it should be performed. In most of the US, it is still legal. You may have to assist in this procedure. You want to ensure your veterinarian is providing sufficient pain management both before and after surgery and when the patient goes home.
Which of the following would you be sure to include in this patient's take-home pain management plan?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Onychectomy, or feline declawing, is a procedure that removes the claw and the distal phalanx of each digit. It can be done on the front feet alone, or less commonly, on all 4 feet. It is considered one of the most painful procedures performed in veterinary medicine. It is often done solely for non-medical reasons, such as cats who scratch on furniture, cats who scratch or play with their claws extended, or because another cat in the home may be declawed already. Rarely, it may be done for medical reasons, such as a cancerous digit, where one toe only may be declawed. Owners who are severely immunocompromised and at high risk of infection from even a tiny cat scratch may also choose to have this performed.
Less commonly in young cats than those over a year of age, however, common in general, we can see neuropathic pain resulting from this procedure. This refers to pain associated with where a limb would be, despite removal. It happens with any portion of the body that is removed. The brain still senses something is there, even though it no longer is. We can see chronic lameness, hesitancy to jump, chewing on the feet, and other abnormalities that could be attributed to neuropathic pain. This can be prevented by sending a cat home on 1 to 2 weeks of gabapentin to pre-emptively avoid and treat any neuropathic changes.
While gabapentin helps prevent chronic and neuropathic associated pain, it will be insufficient to provide complete pain relief. We want to give an NSAID to decrease inflammation, at the very minimum at the time of surgery, and possibly go home with the pet, such as Onsior. However, depending on the pet's age, hydration status of the pet and how well the pet eats at home, NSAIDs may not be safe or used as readily in cats as in other species. In older cats, NSAID use may not be appropriate if there is any underlying kidney disease.
Fentanyl patches in cats are hard to keep in place, partly because cats are so flexible. The patch needs to be in an unreachable place but still be able to entirely be placed on the patient. Studies in dogs show that the medication delivery of fentanyl patches is inconsistent over the 3 to 5 day period for which a patient is wearing them, resulting in incomplete pain management and unpredictable pain management. Cats, more than dogs, also seem to have decreased appetites when used. Thus, oral buprenorphine is more commonly used and provides more consistent and predictable pain relief and fewer side effects.
For additional pain control, many also benefit from oral buprenorphine or the longer-acting Simbadol injection. Keeping the pet calm and wearing an e-collar is also essential to prevent licking.
Thus, for complete pain management and a multimodal approach, many recommend an e-collar to prevent licking, oral buprenorphine or injectable Simbadol, an NSAID if the patient can receive it and is eating well, and oral gabapentin for 1 to 2 weeks post-operatively.
NEW QUESTION # 403
A 3-pound kitten needs to be sedated with butorphanol at 0.4 mg/kg. The injectable formulation is available in 10 mg/mL concentration.
What volume should be drawn for this kitten?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Convert pounds to kilograms: 3 pounds / (2.2 pounds/kg) = 1.36 kg
Calculate dose from dosage: 1.4 kg x (0.4 mg/kg) = 0.55 or 0.545 is correct Convert units from mg to mL: 0.56 mg / (10 mg/mL) = 0.055 mL
NEW QUESTION # 404
You perform a urine-specific gravity test on a patient with azotemi
a. You have a concern because you find the concentration is 1.010. We define this by what term, and does this represent a specific gravity that is higher, equal to, or less than plasma?
Answer: B
Explanation:
When evaluating urine, we compare the density of the liquid to distilled water. Distilled water is 1.00.
Urine-specific gravity (USG) must be interpreted in the face of dehydration, primary underlying kidney disease, or post-renal causes of concern. It can be used to evaluate the kidneys' ability to concentrate from the renal tubules or dilute filtrates and helps in assessing if the body can maintain osmotic and water balance.
-sthen = strength
-iso = the same
-hypo = less than
-hyper = greater than
Isosthenuria is a fixed specific gravity recognized as 1.008 to 1.013 (depending on the species). This suggests that the glomerular filtrate is at the same specific gravity as the plasma. It isn't diluted nor concentrated and represents kidney disease. (65% of the kidneys' function no longer exists once this occurs). Isosthenuria in the presence of azotemia (elevated BUN/Crea) confirms kidney disease. We cannot discern if it is reversible or not simply because it is present.
While normally, a single USG without comparison doesn't reflect kidney function or abnormality, in the face of azotemia, we need to rehydrate a patient and re-evaluate USG after fluid therapy has ceased to determine if the underlying disease remains. A reading of 1.010 in the middle of the day in a well-hydrated patient may still be normal, and the patient may not have underlying renal disease.
Hyposthenuria describes USG < 1.008. This suggests the proper ability of the tubules to dilute urine, lowering the specific gravity of plasma.
Hypersthenuria or baruria occurs at > 1.012-1.013 (depending on species). Here, the tubules are concentrating water to hold on to it, and the USG is higher than the plasma.
Ideally, you want to use a species-specific refractometer to evaluate USG because standard human refractometers can cause falsely high or falsely lower readings with various species, from cats to exotics and more.
NEW QUESTION # 405
A neonatal cat, eight weeks old, presents with slow heart rate and reduced response to environmental stimulus following a fall from a balcony onto the ground below. The kitten does not respond to noises around her, but does flinch when exposed to a painful stimulus.
This kitten's category of mentation is most likely:
Answer: A
Explanation:
Mentation is divided into the categories of normal, depressed, obtunded, stuporous, and comatose. Animals in a stuporous state appear disconnected from their surroundings, but do display a response to painful stimuli.
A normal animal is alert and responsive to its environment.
A dull or depressed animal is aware and interactive of its surroundings but does not appear excited to interact.
An obtunded animal also reacts to stimuli in the environment but is slower or less intense than would be expected.
A comatose animal does not react to its environment, including painful stimuli.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 843.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 664.
NEW QUESTION # 406
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