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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Applied Cryptography | - Cryptographic Best Practices - PGP and Email Encryption - VPN Security - SSL/TLS Protocols |
| Topic 2: Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Digital Signature Standards |
| Topic 3: Cryptography Fundamentals | - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Cryptographic Terminology - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption |
| Topic 4: Asymmetric Cryptography | - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - RSA Algorithm |
| Topic 5: Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Common Attack Vectors - Social Engineering Prevention - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks |
| Topic 6: Symmetric Cryptography | - Stream Ciphers - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Initialization Vectors (IV) - Key Management |
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NEW QUESTION # 23
(Which mechanism can be applied to protect the integrity of plaintext when using AES?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
AES by itself is a symmetric block cipher that provides confidentiality, but not guaranteed integrity unless used in an authenticated mode. To protect integrity of the plaintext (ensuring it has not been altered), a Message Authentication Code (MAC) can be applied. In the classic Encrypt-then-MAC pattern, the sender encrypts the plaintext with AES and then computes a MAC (often HMAC-SHA-256 or CMAC-AES) over the ciphertext (and relevant headers). The receiver verifies the MAC before attempting decryption, preventing tampering and many padding-oracle style vulnerabilities.
Alternatively, AES can be used in an AEAD mode like AES-GCM, which produces an authentication tag serving a similar purpose, but among the listed options the general integrity mechanism is "MAC." RC4 is an unrelated stream cipher and does not provide integrity. RSA is asymmetric and not the standard integrity add-on for AES-encrypted bulk data. Kerberos is an authentication protocol and key distribution system, not a message integrity primitive. Therefore, to protect plaintext integrity when using AES, the correct mechanism is a Message Authentication Code.
NEW QUESTION # 24
(What is the value of 51 mod 11?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
The value 51 mod 11 is the remainder after dividing 51 by 11. Modular arithmetic is widely used in cryptography to keep computations within a finite set of residues, such as in RSA where values are taken modulo n, or in Diffie-Hellman where exponents and group elements are reduced modulo a prime. To compute 51 mod 11, find the largest multiple of 11 less than or equal to 51. Multiples of 11 are 11, 22, 33, 44, 55. The closest without exceeding 51 is 44. Subtracting gives 51 # 44 = 7, so the remainder is 7. Therefore, 51 mod 11 = 7, matching option "07." This remainder is always in the range
0 through 10 because the modulus is 11. Such residue computations underpin the "wraparound" behavior that makes modular exponentiation and inverse computations well-defined in cryptographic groups.
NEW QUESTION # 25
(Why should a forensic investigator create a hash of a victim's hard drive and of the bitstream copy of the hard drive?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
In digital forensics, investigators must preserve evidence integrity and demonstrate an unbroken chain of custody. Creating a cryptographic hash (such as SHA-256) of the original drive and then hashing the forensic bitstream image provides a strong mathematical assurance that the copy is an exact, bit-for-bit replica.
Because secure hash functions are designed so that any tiny change in data produces a dramatically different digest, matching hashes indicate the image contains identical data to the source at the time of acquisition. This is critical in legal and investigative contexts: analysis is performed on the copy, not the original, to avoid altering evidence. If the hashes match, the investigator can testify that the evidence examined is identical to what was collected, supporting admissibility and credibility. Hashing does not prove who created files, nor does it directly show whether someone "opened the drive"; it specifically validates the integrity and equivalence of the captured image. Therefore, hashing both artifacts is done to verify that the original and the bitstream copy are identical.
NEW QUESTION # 26
(Which cryptographic operation uses a single key?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
Symmetric cryptography uses a single shared secret key for both encryption and decryption. This contrasts with asymmetric cryptography, which uses a key pair (public/private). Symmetric algorithms (like AES, ChaCha20) are efficient and well-suited for bulk data encryption, but they require a secure method for key distribution because both parties must possess the same secret. Hashing is not a keyed operation by default (though HMAC is keyed); it maps arbitrary data to a fixed-size digest and is primarily used for integrity checking, fingerprints, and password hashing constructions. Padding is a data formatting technique (e.g., PKCS#7) used to align plaintext to a block size; it is not a cryptographic "operation" that uses a key.
Therefore, the cryptographic operation characterized by using one key shared between parties is symmetric encryption. In real systems, symmetric encryption is frequently combined with asymmetric methods for key exchange and with MACs/AEAD for integrity, producing the standard hybrid approach used in protocols like TLS and IPsec.
NEW QUESTION # 27
(Which of the following best describes lightweight cryptography?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Lightweight cryptography refers to cryptographic primitives and profiles engineered for environments where computational resources are constrained-limited CPU, memory, power, bandwidth, and code size-while still requiring robust security. Typical targets include IoT sensors, embedded controllers, smart cards, RFID, wearables, and many mobile or edge deployments. The design goals emphasize efficiency (low energy consumption, small silicon area for hardware, small firmware footprint) and practical performance under constraints, often while providing modern security properties like authenticated encryption (confidentiality + integrity) and secure hashing. Lightweight cryptography is not simply "stronger encryption"; it balances security with implementability in constrained systems. It is also not restricted to military settings and is not inherently outdated-many lightweight designs are modern and motivated by the rapid growth of IoT and pervasive computing. Because constrained devices are common entry points for attackers, having secure primitives that fit those devices is a critical part of contemporary security architecture. Therefore, the best description is cryptographic algorithms designed for resource-constrained environments.
NEW QUESTION # 28
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