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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: System Hardening | 15% | - Kernel and node security configuration - Host security controls |
| Topic 2: Minimizing Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Pod security standards - Container isolation and security contexts |
| Topic 3: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - API server security - Authentication and authorization |
| Topic 4: Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 15% | - Audit logging and monitoring - Runtime threat detection |
| Topic 5: Cluster Setup | 15% | - Hardening cluster components - Secure installation configuration |
| Topic 6: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Image scanning and verification - Secure CI/CD practices |
>> Trustworthy CKS Exam Content <<
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NEW QUESTION # 58
You are responsible for deploying a Kubernetes cluster on-premises using kubeadm. Ensure the integrity of the kubeadm, kubelet, and kubectl binaries before deploying the cluster.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Download the binaries: Download the kubeadm, kubelet, and kubectl binaries for your desired version from the official Kubernetes release page
(httpswgitnub.com/kubernetes/kllbernetes,treleases](httpswwww.google.com/url?
sa=E&source=gmail&q=httpswgithub.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/releases)).
2. Verify the checksums: Compare the SHA-256 checksums of the downloaded binaries with the checksums provided on the release page.
bash
sna256sum kubeadm kubelet kubectl
3. Verify the signatures (optional): If you require stronger assurance, download the corresponding signature files (.asc) and verify the signatures using
the official Kubernetes public key.
bash
gpg --verify kubeadm.sha256.asc kubeadm
4. Install the binaries: Once you have verified the integrity of the binaries, install them in the appropriate locations on your nodes.
bash
sudo install -o root -g root -m 0755 kubeadm kubelet kubectl /usr/bin/
5. Proceed with cluster deployment: After verifying and installing the binaries, you can proceed with deploying your Kubernetes cluster using kubeadm.
NEW QUESTION # 59
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context test-account
Task: Enable audit logs in the cluster.
To do so, enable the log backend, and ensure that:
1. logs are stored at /var/log/Kubernetes/logs.txt
2. log files are retained for 5 days
3. at maximum, a number of 10 old audit log files are retained
A basic policy is provided at /etc/Kubernetes/logpolicy/audit-policy.yaml. It only specifies what not to log.
Note: The base policy is located on the cluster's master node.
Edit and extend the basic policy to log:
1. Nodes changes at RequestResponse level
2. The request body of persistentvolumes changes in the namespace frontend
3. ConfigMap and Secret changes in all namespaces at the Metadata level Also, add a catch-all rule to log all other requests at the Metadata level Note: Don't forget to apply the modified policy.
Answer:
Explanation:
$ vim /etc/kubernetes/log-policy/audit-policy.yaml
- level: RequestResponse
userGroups: ["system:nodes"]
- level: Request
resources:
- group: "" # core API group
resources: ["persistentvolumes"]
namespaces: ["frontend"]
- level: Metadata
resources:
- group: ""
resources: ["configmaps", "secrets"]
- level: Metadata
$ vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
Add these
- --audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/log-policy/audit-policy.yaml
- --audit-log-path=/var/log/kubernetes/logs.txt
- --audit-log-maxage=5
- --audit-log-maxbackup=10
Explanation
[desk@cli] $ ssh master1
[master1@cli] $ vim /etc/kubernetes/log-policy/audit-policy.yaml
apiVersion: audit.k8s.io/v1 # This is required.
kind: Policy
# Don't generate audit events for all requests in RequestReceived stage.
omitStages:
- "RequestReceived"
rules:
# Don't log watch requests by the "system:kube-proxy" on endpoints or services
- level: None
users: ["system:kube-proxy"]
verbs: ["watch"]
resources:
- group: "" # core API group
resources: ["endpoints", "services"]
# Don't log authenticated requests to certain non-resource URL paths.
- level: None
userGroups: ["system:authenticated"]
nonResourceURLs:
- "/api*" # Wildcard matching.
- "/version"
# Add your changes below
- level: RequestResponse
userGroups: ["system:nodes"] # Block for nodes
- level: Request
resources:
- group: "" # core API group
resources: ["persistentvolumes"] # Block for persistentvolumes
namespaces: ["frontend"] # Block for persistentvolumes of frontend ns
- level: Metadata
resources:
- group: "" # core API group
resources: ["configmaps", "secrets"] # Block for configmaps & secrets
- level: Metadata # Block for everything else
[master1@cli] $ vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
annotations:
kubeadm.kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver.advertise-address.endpoint: 10.0.0.5:6443 labels:
component: kube-apiserver
tier: control-plane
name: kube-apiserver
namespace: kube-system
spec:
containers:
- command:
- kube-apiserver
- --advertise-address=10.0.0.5
- --allow-privileged=true
- --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC
- --audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/log-policy/audit-policy.yaml #Add this
- --audit-log-path=/var/log/kubernetes/logs.txt #Add this
- --audit-log-maxage=5 #Add this
- --audit-log-maxbackup=10 #Add this
...
output truncated
Note: log volume & policy volume is already mounted in vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml so no need to mount it. Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/audit/ Note: log volume & policy volume is already mounted in vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml so no need to mount it. Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/audit/
NEW QUESTION # 60
Analyze and edit the given Dockerfile
FROM ubuntu:latest
RUN apt-get update -y
RUN apt-install nginx -y
COPY entrypoint.sh /
ENTRYPOINT ["/entrypoint.sh"]
USER ROOT
Fixing two instructions present in the file being prominent security best practice issues Analyze and edit the deployment manifest file apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata:
name: security-context-demo-2
spec:
securityContext:
runAsUser: 1000
containers:
- name: sec-ctx-demo-2
image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0
securityContext:
runAsUser: 0
privileged: True
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
Fixing two fields present in the file being prominent security best practice issues Don't add or remove configuration settings; only modify the existing configuration settings Whenever you need an unprivileged user for any of the tasks, use user test-user with the user id 5487
Answer:
Explanation:
FROM debian:latest
MAINTAINER k@bogotobogo.com
# 1 - RUN
RUN apt-get update && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -yq apt-utils RUN DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -yq htop RUN apt-get clean
# 2 - CMD
#CMD ["htop"]
#CMD ["ls", "-l"]
# 3 - WORKDIR and ENV
WORKDIR /root
ENV DZ version1
$ docker image build -t bogodevops/demo .
Sending build context to Docker daemon 3.072kB
Step 1/7 : FROM debian:latest
---> be2868bebaba
Step 2/7 : MAINTAINER k@bogotobogo.com
---> Using cache
---> e2eef476b3fd
Step 3/7 : RUN apt-get update && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -yq apt-utils
---> Using cache
---> 32fd044c1356
Step 4/7 : RUN DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -yq htop
---> Using cache
---> 0a5b514a209e
Step 5/7 : RUN apt-get clean
---> Using cache
---> 5d1578a47c17
Step 6/7 : WORKDIR /root
---> Using cache
---> 6b1c70e87675
Step 7/7 : ENV DZ version1
---> Using cache
---> cd195168c5c7
Successfully built cd195168c5c7
Successfully tagged bogodevops/demo:latest
NEW QUESTION # 61
You are managing a Kubernetes cluster With several applications running within pods. Your security policy mandates that all pods should run with the 'privileged' flag set to 'false' , while allowing a few pods to run with privileged access for specific tasks. How would you implement this policy by leveraging the Kubernetes security best practices?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Security Context Constraint (SCC): Create a new SCC named 'non-privileged-sce with the following configuration:
- 'allowPrivilegeEscalation': 'false' (Prevents pods from elevating privileges even if they run with privileged containers)
- 'privileged': 'false' (Disallows containers from running with privileged access)
- 'runAsLJser': ' 1000' (Assigns a specific non-root user ID for containers)
- 'readOnlyRootFilesystem': 'true' (Prevents containers from modifying the host's root filesystem)
- 'seccompProfile': 'localhost/unconfined' (Specifies a seccomp profile for restricting system calls)
2. Apply the SCC: Apply the SCC using 'kuoectl apply -f non-privileged-scc.yaml 3. Create a Second SCC for Privileged Pods: Create a new SCC named 'privileged-sce with the following configuratiom - 'allowPrivilegeEscalation': 'trues - 'privileged': 'true' - 'runAsuser': - 'readOnlyRootFilesystem': 'false' - 'seccompprofile': 'localhost/unconfined'
4. Apply the Privileged SCC: Apply the SCC using 'kubectl apply -f privileged-scc.yaml 5. Update Your Deployment Configurations: - For deployments requiring privileged access, include 'securityContext.securityContextConstraints: privileged-sce within the pod specification. - For all other deployments, include 'securityContext.securityContextConstraints: non-prjvileged-scc' within the pod specification.
6. Restrict Access to SCCs: You can funer enhance security by configuring which users or service accounts can use each SCC. This can be done by using Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) to grant permissions to specific user accounts or service accounts for the SCCs.
This approach ensures that the majority of pods operate with minimal privileges, enhancing security, while allowing a few essential deployments to run with elevated access. Remember to constantly review and update your security policies as your cluster and applications evolve.
NEW QUESTION # 62
You are managing a Kubernetes cluster With a critical application deployed as a Deployment. You need to ensure that only authorized users can access the Kubernetes API to manage this application's resources. Describe the security measures you would implement to restrict access to the Kubernetes API and ensure only authorized users can manage this specific Deployment
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Create a Service Account:
- Create a dedicated Service Account for the application:
2. Configure the Deployment to use the Service Account - Update the Deployment YAML to specify the Service Account:
3. Use RBAC (Role-Based Access Control): - Create a Role and RoleBinding for the Service Account:
4. Apply the Changes: - Apply the YAML configurations using 'kubectl apply -f critical-app.yaml' 5. Restrict Access to the Kubernetes API: - Use kubeconfig files to limit access to the API for specific users or groups. - Use tools like 'kubectl auth can-i' to verify access permissions. 6. Limit Access to Specific Namespaces: - By default, Service Accounts have access to resources in their respective namespaces. - To further restrict access, create a Namespace and limit the Service Account's permissions within that namespace. By implementing these measures, you create a secure environment where only authorized users (through the Service Account) can manage the critical application's Deployment
NEW QUESTION # 63
......
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