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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP |
| Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - HMAC construction and application |
| Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Standards and compliance - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Historical evolution and modern applications - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation |
| Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Principles: public/private key pairs - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Digital signatures: purpose and process - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models |
| Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Principles and operation - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges |
>> Introduction-to-Cryptography유효한 공부 <<
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질문 # 83
(Which mechanism can be applied to protect the integrity of plaintext when using AES?)
정답：A
설명：
AES by itself is a symmetric block cipher that provides confidentiality, but not guaranteed integrity unless used in an authenticated mode. To protect integrity of the plaintext (ensuring it has not been altered), a Message Authentication Code (MAC) can be applied. In the classic Encrypt-then-MAC pattern, the sender encrypts the plaintext with AES and then computes a MAC (often HMAC-SHA-256 or CMAC-AES) over the ciphertext (and relevant headers). The receiver verifies the MAC before attempting decryption, preventing tampering and many padding-oracle style vulnerabilities. Alternatively, AES can be used in an AEAD mode like AES-GCM, which produces an authentication tag serving a similar purpose, but among the listed options the general integrity mechanism is "MAC." RC4 is an unrelated stream cipher and does not provide integrity.
RSA is asymmetric and not the standard integrity add-on for AES-encrypted bulk data. Kerberos is an authentication protocol and key distribution system, not a message integrity primitive. Therefore, to protect plaintext integrity when using AES, the correct mechanism is a Message Authentication Code.
질문 # 84
(Which cryptographic operation has the fastest decryption process?)
정답：B
설명：
Symmetric cryptography generally provides the fastest encryption and decryption performance among common cryptographic operations. Algorithms like AES and ChaCha20 are designed for high throughput and efficient implementation in software and hardware (e.g., AES-NI acceleration).
Symmetric decryption is computationally similar in cost to symmetric encryption, and both are far faster than asymmetric operations for equivalent security levels. Asymmetric cryptography (RSA, ECC) involves expensive mathematical operations (modular exponentiation or elliptic-curve scalar multiplication), making it much slower and unsuitable for bulk data decryption. That is why real-world secure protocols use asymmetric cryptography primarily to authenticate peers and establish keys, then switch to symmetric encryption for the actual data stream. Hashing is not decryption at all; it is one- way, and there is no "decrypt" operation for a hash. Padding is not a decryption mechanism; it is a formatting step used with block ciphers to align plaintext length. Therefore, the correct choice for the operation with the fastest decryption process is symmetric cryptography.
질문 # 85
(How is Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) commonly utilized in web browsers?)
정답：B
설명：
Web browsers rely on PKI to establish trust in secure connections, primarily through X.509 certificates and a built-in set of trusted root Certificate Authorities (CAs). When a browser connects to an HTTPS site, the server presents a certificate chain. The browser validates that chain up to a trusted root, checks that the certificate is valid for the domain (SAN/CN matching), confirms validity dates, and may check revocation status. This PKI process allows browsers to authenticate the website's identity and negotiate encrypted session keys for TLS, enabling confidentiality and integrity for the connection. In practical terms, the browser' s PKI components include certificate stores, validation logic, and mechanisms for handling intermediates, trust policies, and revocation. While PKI supports authentication as an outcome, the best description of how browsers utilize PKI is that they manage and validate digital certificates and associated keys to establish trust.
PKI is not about compressing messages or encrypting data at rest; it is about identity binding and trust chains that make secure web communication possible.
질문 # 86
(An organization wants to digitally sign its software to guarantee the integrity of its source code. Which key should the customer use to decrypt the digest of the source code?)
정답：A
설명：
When software is digitally signed, the organization computes a cryptographic hash (digest) of the software (or its manifest) and then signs that digest using the organization's private key. Verification works in the opposite direction: the customer (verifier) uses the organization's public key to validate the signature and recover
/confirm the signed digest, then independently hashes the received software and compares the result. If the digests match and the signature validates under the public key, the customer has strong assurance that the software has not been altered since it was signed and that it was signed by the holder of the corresponding private key. The customer never needs the organization's private key-sharing it would destroy security and enable forgery. Likewise, the customer's own keys are irrelevant to verifying the publisher's signature. The organization's public key is typically delivered inside a certificate chain (code signing certificate) so the verifier can also validate publisher identity and trust. Therefore, the customer uses the organization's public key for signature verification (often described as "decrypting" the signed digest).
질문 # 87
(What is the length of the Initialization Vector (IV) in WEP?)
정답：A
설명：
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) uses the RC4 stream cipher and combines a per-packet Initialization Vector (IV) with a shared secret key to form the RC4 seed for that packet's keystream. The IV in WEP is 24 bits long and is transmitted in the clear as part of the 802.11 frame so the receiver can reconstruct the same per-packet RC4 key stream. The short IV space (2²# possible values) is a major design weakness: on a busy network, IVs repeat frequently, causing keystream reuse. Because RC4 is a stream cipher, keystream reuse enables attackers to derive relationships between plaintexts and recover keys with statistical attacks (notably the Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir (FMS) family of attacks and related improvements). WEP also uses a CRC-32 integrity check (ICV) that is not cryptographically strong and is vulnerable to modification attacks. The 24-bit IV length is therefore a key reason WEP is considered insecure and has been replaced by WPA/WPA2 mechanisms that use stronger key mixing, larger nonces/IVs, and robust integrity protection.
질문 # 88
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