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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: OSPF | - Link-state database and packet types - Areas and LSA types - Router ID, adjacencies and neighbors |
| Topic 2: Protocol-Independent Routing | - Load balancing and filter-based forwarding - Martian addresses and RIB groups - Static, aggregate, generated routes |
| Topic 3: Spanning Tree | - Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) - Convergence and reconvergence - STP and RSTP concepts, roles and states |
| Topic 4: Layer 2 Switching and VLANs | - Ports and VLAN tagging - Frame processing - Native VLANs and voice VLANs - Inter-VLAN routing - Bridging components |
| Topic 5: BGP | - Attributes and path selection - BGP basic operations and message types - EBGP and IBGP peer interactions |
| Topic 6: Layer 2 Security | - BPDU, loop and root protection - Port security (MAC limiting, DHCP snooping, DAI, IP source guard) - Layer 2 firewall filters - MACsec and storm control |
| Topic 7: IS-IS | - Levels, areas and metrics - Link-state database and PDUs - Adjacencies and troubleshooting |
| Topic 8: Tunnels | - IP tunneling concepts - GRE and IP-IP configuration and troubleshooting |
| Topic 9: High Availability | - VRRP, NSR, NSB and BFD - Link Aggregation Groups and RTG - Virtual chassis and graceful restart |
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NEW QUESTION # 10
Depending on the link type, OSPF sends link-state update packets to which two addresses? (Choose two.)
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
OSPF relies on two IANA-reserved multicast addresses to distribute its control-plane traffic across broadcast and NBMA network types, and Link State Update (LSU) packets, which carry the actual LSAs being flooded, are addressed to one or the other depending on the role of the sending router. The address 224.0.0.5, designated AllSPFRouters, is used when any OSPF router - including a router that is itself the Designated Router or Backup Designated Router - needs to flood an LSU to every OSPF-speaking router on the segment; this is the address used for Hello packets universally and for LSU flooding directed at the entire segment. The address 224.0.0.6, designated AllDRouters, is used specifically by non-DR, non-BDR routers (DROthers) when they need to send an LSU or other update destined for the DR and BDR only, since only the DR and BDR actually listen on this address; the DR then takes responsibility for reflooding that information to the rest of the segment using 224.0.0.5. This two-address design is central to how OSPF achieves flooding efficiency on multi-access networks by funneling updates through the DR rather than requiring full-mesh flooding among every router pair. The addresses 224.0.0.8 and 224.0.0.9 are not used by OSPF at all;
224.0.0.9 is in fact reserved for RIPv2 multicast updates, making it a plausible-looking but incorrect distractor. Reference topics: Junos Enterprise Routing - OSPF, Multicast Addressing for Hello and Link State Update Packets.
NEW QUESTION # 11
You are verifying a new BGP peering session with an ISP. You issue the show bgp summary command, but the output shows the peer in the Active state. Which statement is correct in this scenario?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The BGP finite state machine defined in RFC 4271 progresses through Idle, Connect, Active, OpenSent, OpenConfirm, and finally Established. The Active state is entered either directly after Idle, when the local router begins retrying a TCP connection setup toward the configured peer, or after a previous Connect attempt has failed and the ConnectRetry timer has expired, prompting the router to keep trying to complete the underlying TCP three-way handshake. Seeing a peer parked in Active therefore means the local device has a fully valid neighbor configuration and is persistently attempting to reach the remote address on TCP port 179, but the handshake is not succeeding -- common root causes include a firewall or ACL blocking TCP 179 between the two endpoints, an unreachable or incorrect peer IP address, the remote BGP process not running or not listening, or an asymmetric routing path preventing the SYN/ACK from returning. It does not indicate a misconfiguration on the local box in the sense of a missing statement (that would typically leave the session as Idle), nor does it indicate an established, functioning session exchanging UPDATE messages (that state is Established), and it is not a deliberately idle/disabled condition, which Junos reports plainly as Idle. Recognizing Active as 'trying to connect' rather than 'connected' is essential for correct BGP troubleshooting sequencing.
NEW QUESTION # 12
You are receiving the BGP route shown in the exhibit from four different upstream ISPs.
Referring to the exhibit, which ISP will be selected as the active path?
Answer: D
Explanation:
In BGP, the path selection process is based on a set of attributes. The process starts by preferring the path with the highest weight, then the highest local preference, then the locally originated routes, and so on. If all these attributes are the same, then it prefers the path with the shortest AS path.
Referring to the exhibit, all four ISPs have the same weight, local preference, and origin.
However, ISP 4 has the shortest AS path. Therefore, ISP 4 will be selected as the active path.
So, option C is correct.
NEW QUESTION # 13
You are establishing a new BGP session to an EBGP peer using loopback addresses. In addition to your general EBGP settings, which BGP feature must be enabled for this session to establish?
Answer: A
Explanation:
By default, EBGP sessions are built with the expectation that peers are directly connected at Layer 3, and Junos enforces this by sending EBGP packets with a TTL of 1. When loopback addresses are used as the session endpoints instead of the directly connected physical interface addresses, the resulting IP packets must traverse at least one additional router hop between the two loopbacks, and a TTL of 1 will expire in transit before reaching the remote loopback, causing the TCP handshake -- and therefore the BGP session -- to fail even though a valid route to the peer's loopback exists. The multihop statement (configured as an EBGP multihop parameter with an accompanying TTL value, most commonly set to 2 for a single intermediate hop) instructs Junos to increase the TTL used for that peer's BGP packets so they survive the extra hop count between loopbacks. This is a mandatory addition any time an EBGP session is deliberately built against non-directly-connected addresses, whereas IBGP sessions, by contrast, do not have this default restriction because IBGP already assumes peers may be multiple hops apart within the same AS. Multipath affects load-balancing across equal-cost paths, damping suppresses flapping routes, and passive controls whether a router waits for the remote peer to initiate the TCP connection -- none of these resolve the TTL expiration problem inherent to loopback-based EBGP peering.
NEW QUESTION # 14
After receiving a BGP route, which two conditions are verified by the receiving router to ensure that the received route is valid? (Choose two)
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
B is correct because the loops do not exist is one of the conditions that are verified by the receiving router to ensure that the received BGP route is valid. A loop in BGP means that a route has been advertised by the same AS more than once, which can cause routing instability and inefficiency. To prevent loops, BGP uses the AS-path attribute, which lists the AS numbers that a route has traversed from the origin to the destination. The receiving router checks the AS-path attribute of the received route and discards it if it finds its own AS number in the list. This way, BGP avoids accepting routes that contain loops.
C is correct because the next hop is reachable is one of the conditions that are verified by the receiving router to ensure that the received BGP route is valid. The next hop is the IP address of the next router that is used to forward packets to the destination network. The receiving router checks the next hop attribute of the received route and verifies that it has a valid route to reach it.
If the next hop is not reachable, the received route is not usable and is rejected by the receiving router. This way, BGP ensures that only feasible routes are accepted.
NEW QUESTION # 15
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