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NEW QUESTION # 114
Which exchange lakes care of DoS protection in IKEv2?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The IKE_SA_INIT exchange in IKEv2 is responsible for DoS protection measures. During IKE_SA_INIT, before authentication and further exchange, the responder can use cookie challenges (per RFC 7296 and Fortinet VPN documentation). If a DoS attack is suspected (many requests from the same source), the responder replies with a cookie. Only after the initiator returns the correct cookie does the exchange proceed, protecting the responder from state exhaustion and certain forms of DoS traffic at the handshake stage.
References:
FortiOS VPN Manual: IKEv2 Exchange Process and DoS Protections
IKEv2 RFC 7296: Description of IKE_SA_INIT and DoS Cookie Mechanism
NEW QUESTION # 115
What can cause an IKEv2 tunnel to go down after it was initially brought up successfully?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The correct answer is D.
The study guide explains that IKEv2 has two initial exchanges:
IKE_SA_INIT
IKE_AUTH
and then later exchanges such as:
CREATE_CHILD_SA
It also states the roles of those exchanges:
IKE_SA_INIT negotiates the security settings for IKE traffic
IKE_AUTH performs mutual authentication and sets up the piggyback child SA CREATE_CHILD_SA creates a new child SA or rekeys an existing child SA Most importantly, the study guide explicitly says:
"By IKEv2 design, no Diffie-Hellman public key is exchanged during an IKE_AUTH exchange. Consequently, any phase 2 Diffie-Hellman group configuration mismatch between FortiGate and the peer is experienced only during the first rekey (CREATE_CHILD_SA exchange) of the child SA created during IKE_AUTH." This proves the key idea behind the question: an IKEv2 tunnel can come up successfully first, then fail later during a CREATE_CHILD_SA rekey/renegotiation event because of a phase 2 mismatch. Among the provided options, the matching later-stage cause is mismatched quick-mode selectors during CREATE_CHILD_SA.
Why the other options are wrong:
A is wrong because if the proposal mismatch were in the initial negotiation path, the tunnel would fail during establishment, not after it was already up. The study guide places initial tunnel establishment in IKE_SA_INIT and IKE_AUTH B is wrong because a mismatch in IKE_SA_INIT affects the initial establishment stage, not a tunnel that was already brought up successfully C is wrong because a pre-shared key mismatch is part of authentication during IKE_AUTH, so the tunnel would not come up successfully in the first place
NEW QUESTION # 116
Refer to the exhibit.
Partial output of a real-time OSPF debug is shown.
Which two reasons explain why the two FortiGate devices are unable to form an adjacency? (Choose two.)
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
To determine the correct reasons for the adjacency failure, we must analyze the standard OSPF real-time debug output (diagnose ip router ospf all enable or diagnose sniffer packet) typically provided in this exam exhibit.
Analyze the Debug Output:
The debug output in this specific question scenario typically displays an incoming Hello packet line: OSPF: RECV[Hello]: ... auth-type 0 ...
"RECV": Indicates the packet is coming from the Remote peer.
"auth-type 0": Indicates the Remote peer is sending "Null" (No) authentication.
Analyze the Failure:
The adjacency fails because the Local FortiGate is rejecting this packet.
If the Local FortiGate accepts "No Authentication", it would match auth-type 0 and form the adjacency.
Since it is failing (and producing a debug log), the Local FortiGate must be expecting a different authentication type (Type 1 Cleartext or Type 2 MD5).
Evaluate the Options:
A . The remote peer has either OSPF cleartext or MD5 authentication configured.
Incorrect. The debug shows auth-type 0 (No Auth) coming from the remote peer.
B . There is an OSPF authentication configuration mismatch.
Correct. One side is sending "No Auth" (Remote), and the other expects "Auth" (Local). This is a definition of a mismatch.
C . The local FortiGate does not have OSPF authentication configured.
Incorrect. If the Local unit had "No Auth" configured, it would match the Remote's auth-type 0, and the adjacency would come up. The failure implies the Local unit does have auth configured.
D . The local FortiGate has either OSPF cleartext or MD5 authentication configured.
Correct. Because the Local unit is rejecting the "No Auth" packet from the remote peer, it confirms that the Local unit has authentication enabled (expecting Type 1 or 2).
Conclusion: The breakdown of the OSPF negotiation shows that the Remote peer is sending no authentication (Type 0), while the Local FortiGate expects authentication, resulting in a mismatch.
Reference:
FortiGate Security 7.6 Study Guide (OSPF Troubleshooting): "Authentication mismatch is a common cause of OSPF adjacency failure. Debug commands (diagnose ip router ospf all enable) reveal the auth-type received versus expected." FortiGate CLI Reference: auth-type 0 = Null (None), auth-type 1 = Simple (Cleartext), auth-type 2 = MD5.
NEW QUESTION # 117
Exhibit.
Refer to the exhibit, which shows a partial output of diagnose hardware aysinfo memory.
Which two statements about the output are true? (Choose two.)
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
The partial output from diagnose hardware sysinfo memory provides details on system RAM allocation.
According to Fortinet's technical documentation for memory troubleshooting and Linux memory management (which FortiOS is based on):
* MemFree is the portion of physical memory not currently allocated to any running process or kernel function. Thus, 708880 kB is available and can be immediately used by user-space programs or system operations.
* Inactive refers to pages in the memory cache that were previously in use for I/O or file system buffering but are now not actively referenced. These pages are retained in memory for quick access if needed again, but can be reclaimed for other memory operations if demand increases. The value 98908 kB here represents currently unused cache pages (inactive pages), ready for repurposing or deletion if the system requires more RAM.
* Cached represents the total amount of system memory allocated to cache, which includes both active and inactive cache pages. It does not, by itself, represent I/O cache exclusively, nor does "inactive" mean memory "will never be used" as the kernel can re-purpose inactive pages on demand.
References:
Fortinet Technical Tip: Explaining the 'diagnose hard sysinfo memory' command FortiOS System Administration Guide: Linux Memory Reporting, Cached and Inactive Statistics
NEW QUESTION # 118
Refer to the exhibit, which shows the partial output of a diagnose command.
Which two conclusions can you draw from the output shown in the exhibit? (Choose two.)
Answer: A,C
NEW QUESTION # 119
......
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